Bookcopies

India has a monsoon type of climate. The term “monsoon” is derived from Arabic word ‘mausim’ which means seasonal reversal in the wind direction. The season of India influenced by the two types of winds – one blow from the Arabic Sea and second is from the Bay of Bengal. The Indian meteorological department has divided the climate of India into four seasons which are discussed below: The Winter Season It begins from mid- November in northern India and stays till February. The temperature decreases from south to the north. The average temperature on the eastern coast is between 24° - 25° Celsius, while in the northern plains, it ranges between 10° - 15° Celsius. Days are warm and nights are cold. Frost is common in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall. During this season, the North-East trade winds prevail over the country. They blow from land to sea and hence, for most part of the country, it is a dry season. Some amount of rainfall occurs on the Tamil N...

India is located in South Asia. It is largest country in South Asia in area and population. There are seven neighbouring countries on the frontiers of India. 17 states of India have common land borders with neighbouring countries. Neighboring country Length of the common  border ( in km) No. of Indian states having common borders Names of Indian states having common borders Bangladesh 4096.7 5 West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram China 3488 5 Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh Pakistan 3323 4 Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat Nepal 1751 5 Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim Myanmar 1643 4 Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram Bhutan 699 4 Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh Afghanistan 106 1 Jammu & Kashmir (POK) Radcliffe Line -Border line between India and Pakistan, and India and Bangladesh. The border between India and Pakistan was decided by  Sir Cyril Radcliffe  in 1947....

India is located latitudinally in the Northern Hemisphere and longitudinally in the Eastern Hemisphere. It extends from 80 4’ N to 370 6’ N latitude and 680 7’ E to 970 25’ E longitude. Because of this great longitudinal extent, the difference in local time between eastern and western extremes of our country is of two hours. The local time along 820 30’ E longitudes is taken as standard time of India i.e. Indian Standard Time (IST). This meridian is known as the Standard Meridian of India. It has an area of 3.28 million square km. It is the seventh largest country in the world. It accounts for nearly 2% of the world’s total area. It is situated in the northern hemisphere. Land Frontier and Boundaries India has a land frontier of 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline of the mainland and the Islands is over 7,500 km. It occupies the south-central peninsula of Asia. Arabian Peninsula and African continent lie on the west and Myanmar, Malaysia and Indonesia in the east. So it enjoys...

Water is very important for life .It continuously changes its form through water cycle. The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.  The major sources of fresh water are the rivers, ponds, springs and glaciers. The ocean bodies and the seas contain salty water.  The water of the oceans is salty or saline as it contains large amount of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt that we eat. The earth is covered by three-fourth of water. 97.3% water is saline or salty in ocean and seas, 3% is fresh water that consisting ice-cape, ground water, fresh water lakes, inland and salt lakes. Ocean Circulation The movements that occur in oceans can be broadly categorised as: waves, tides and currents which is discussed below: • Waves: When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately, they are called waves. During a storm, the winds blowing at very h...

The atmosphere is a huge blanket of air that surrounds the earth. It provides us the air we breathe and protects us from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.  Atmosphere is consists of mainly nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other gases  like helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen (0.04%). • Nitrogen is very important for plant’s survival. They cannot take nitrogen directly from the air. Bacteria that live in the soil and roots of some plants take nitrogen from the air and change its form so that plants can use it. • Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the air. Humans and animals take oxygen from the air. Green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis. • Carbon dioxide is another important gas. Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release oxygen. Humans or animals release carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide released by humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by the plants which make a perfect balanc...

The Earth is an Oblate Spheroid. Therefore it is difficult to locate places on it unless a mathematical system is used. There are two reference points on the Earth- the North Pole and South Pole. With the help of these two points it has been possible to draw the Equator, as it lies exactly midway between the poles. In order to locate places accurately, a network of lines are drawn o the globe. The horizontal lines are the lines of latitudes and the vertical ones are the lines of longitudes. These lines intersect each other at right angles and create a network called a grid or graticule. The graticule helps us to locate places on the surface of the Earth accurately. Latitudes Our earth spins continuously on an imaginary axis which passes through the Centre of the earth. Northern tip of the axis is North Pole and the Southern tip of the axis is South Pole. A largest possible circle that can be drawn on a globe is Equator. It divides the globe into two equal halves. The northern half is k...

It is believed that our planet Earth is part of our solar system which began around 4500 million years ago. Scientists believe that life on the earth began about 3500 million years ago. The Stars Stars are huge bodies of glowing gases. They give out huge flames and radiate a tremendous amount of heat and light. So they have heat and light of their own. The distances of stars are expressed in terms of light years. One light year is the distance travelled by light in one year at a speed of light which is about 300,000 km/s. Light year is a unit of distance and is equal to  9,460,000,000,000 km  or  9.46×10 12  km. The colour of a star is determined by its surface temperature. Stars which have low temperature appear red. Those with higher temperature appear white and those with very high temperature are blue. All stars including the sun move around some celestial body or a group of bodies with high speeds. However, when viewed from the earth the distance between any two stars does not see...

A mineral is mostly a compound that is usually crystalline in nature and is a result of geological progressions. Its ancient use comes from the Linnaean taxonomy where everything can be assigned to vegetable, animal and mineral kingdoms. The study of minerals is called mineralogy. There are about 4500 known minerals and each possesses an exclusive set of physical and chemical properties. Minerals are distributed in earth’s crust in small amount however whenever these are found in bulk amount these form minerals deposits which are economically very useful. To be categorised as mineral, a substance must qualify the following parameters: Inorganic: means it is not prepared by an organism. Naturally occurring: means people did not make it. Sequenced internal structure: means its atoms are in an orderly and repeating prototype. Solid: means it is not a gas or a liquid at STP. Specific chemical composition: means chemical composition of specific mineral ranges within precise l...

What is the meaning of Groundwater? Groundwater is the water that lies below the surface of the ground and fills the pore space as well as cracks and other openings. Most sedimentary rocks can hold a large percentage of water. Loose sand may have a porosity of up to 40 percent; however, this may be reduced by half as a result of recrystallization. For a rock to be permeable, openings must be interconnected. Rocks such as sandstone and conglomerate have a high porosity because they have the capacity to hold much water. Why is Groundwater so important? Ground water is the second largest reservoir of water in the hydrologic cycle. But more importantly, it is the predominant source of drinking water in many states.Groundwater, which is in aquifers below the surface of the Earth, is one of the Nation's most important natural resources, apparently. Groundwater is the chief source of about 33 percent of the water that country and city water departments supply to households and businesses....

The structure of earth is in spherical form and is composed of four layers, three solid and one liquid which is in the form of molten metal, and is hot as the surface of the sun. A fruit such as a peach are in analogy to earth’s interior. A fruit with large pits, when cut in two pieces has three parts which are similar to earth’s crust. In 1692, Edmund Halley brought forward the idea that the Earth’s structure is hollow shell approximately of 500 miles. Earth’s Layer Kilometre 1. Crust 0–35 2. Mantle 35–2,890 3. Inner core 2,890–5,150 4. Outer core 5,150–6,360 1. Earth’s Crust There are 2 types of crusts made up of different types of rock: i. Thin oceanic crust that’s behind the ocean basins composed primarily of basalt ii. Thick continental crust that lie beneath the continents composed primarily of granite. It has low density which allows it to float on mantle which has much higher density. 2. Earth's mantle Earth's mantle is mainly made up of olivine-rich rocks. It has varyi...

A black hole is defined as an area of space with a gravitational field extremely severe that no matter or radiation can escape. Black holes can be small like an atom, or big like a large mountain. The huge black holes are known as supermassive, which have masses equal to more than 1 million suns together. Black holes cannot destroy stars, moons and planets. Even the earth will not fall into a black hole as all the black holes are very far away from the Earth. Types of Black Holes There are basically three types of black holes: stellar, supermassive, and miniature black holes. Stellar black holes are formed when a massive star collapses. Supermassive black holes are equivalent to billions of suns, and expected to exist in the centres of most galaxies, including Milky Way galaxy. It is assumed that these black holes are a consequence of galaxy formation. Miniature black holes are assumed to have been formed shortly after the “Big Bang”, which is predicted to have started the universe 13....

It is believed that the universe originated around 15 billion years ago in the form of dense, hot blob of gas expanding rapidly outward. During that period, the universe contained only hydrogen and a small amount of helium. No stars and planets existed at that time. When the universe was some 100 million years ago, then only the first stars apparently began to form out of hydrogen. This is also the process of origin of Sun about 4.49 billion years ago. Big Bang Theory Georges Lemaitre (1927) had proposed a model for origin of the universe which became the Big Bang theory. The Big Bang theory explains the origin of universe, with the key idea that the universe is expanding. In the past, the universe was denser and hotter. All of space was contained in a single point, which is considered the inception of the universe. After the initial expansion, the universe freezes that allowed the creation of subatomic particles, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The majority of atoms fo...

Space exploration includes the continual discovery and exploration of heavenly bodies in outer space by applying advanced space technologies by astronomers. This covers the telescopic study of space by astronomers, and the physical investigation by robotic probes as well as human spacecraft. Several times space exploration has been used as an agent for cold war amongst the nations. History of Space Exploration On 4 October 1957, the first man-made object Sputnik 1 was launched to orbit the Earth by erstwhile USSR. On 20 July 1969, the American craft Apollo 11 was the first one to land on Moon. In 1961, the Soviet space program was successful in sending the first human spaceflight Vostok 1 carrying Yuri Gagarin. Next was the first spacewalk by Aleksei Leonoy on 18 March 1965, followed by the first automatic landing on another heavenly body in 1966, and the launching of the first space station Salyut 1 in 1971. Later, the focus for space exploration transformed from space cra...

Standard Time is the harmony of clocks in various geographical locations within a time zone to a common time standard. This is based on the meridian at the centre of the time zone. This concept of Standard Time led to the halving of the globe into an eastern and western hemisphere, with one Prime Meridian and also its opposite International Dateline. This one Prime Meridian replaces the various Prime Meridians which had earlier been used. In December 11, 1847, the British railways first used a standardized time system, when they switched from local mean time, which varied from place to place, to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). In United States, the Pennsylvania Railroad used the “Allegheny Time” system. This time system is an astronomical timekeeping service developed by Samuel Pierport Langley in Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh. In Netherlands, the Amsterdam Time or Dutch Time was introduced in May 1909. Time Zone is a region which has a consistent standard time for legal, commercial, ...

A  drainage system  can be defined as the pattern formed by the rivers, streams and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is governed by hard or soft rocks, and the slope of the land. Geomorphology  is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth’s surface. Drainage Pattern recognition Based on the description of different drainage patterns, each pattern has its own characteristics, which can be reflected in some quantifiable variable related to some topological and geometrical aspects. Each pattern can be characterized by a combination of different variables. In this section, method for drainage pattern recognition is introduced. First, terms describing river networks are defined then classification criteria are introduced and the different steps of the process are detailed. Conclusion Drainage pat...

An artesian basin is a low-lying region where groundwater is cramped under pressure from surrounding layers of rock. These basins are usually found where an aquifer is present in a syncline, by impenetrable layers above as well as below. Whenever a fissure breaks the surface, the underground water blow up. This results in the rising of the water level to a point where hydrostatic equilibrium has been achieved. A well drilled into this aquifer is known as an artesian well. If the water reaches the ground surface pressurized naturally by the aquifer, the well is known as a flowing artesian well. For an aquifer to be artesian, the water table must reach the surface. The name artesian wells comes from the former province of Artois in France, where Carthusian monks had drilled many artesian wells. The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) The Great Artesian Basin is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world. It is located within Australia, stretching over 1,700,000 square kilometres, and is ...

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor (H2OV) present in the atmosphere.  Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is invisible. Humidity indicates the likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. This effect is calculated in a heat index table or humidex, used during summer weather. Measurements of Humidity There are five different methods to express humidity namely : absolute humidity, mixing ratio, vapor pressure, relative humidity and dew point Relative Humidity Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum for that temperature. Specific humidity is a ratio of the water vapor content of the mixture to the total air content on a mass basis. Absolute Humidity Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air (usually grams/meter3) Since, temperatures and...

Precipitation is the mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth. In other words, precipitation is the product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity.  Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapour, so that the water condenses and "precipitates". Forms of Precipitation There are several forms of precipitation, the most common of them is rain. Other forms of precipitation include; drizzle, sleet, snow, graupel hail, and freezing rain. Fog and mist cannot be categorized as precipitation but suspensions because the water vapour does not condense in enough quantity to precipitate. Process of Precipitation There are two major processes, which while acting together lead to the formation of saturated air, that is, 1) cooling the air or 2) adding water vapour to the air. Generally, precipitation falls to the surface and forms as smaller droplets. It combines ...

Earth’s Heat Budget Defined Earth's heat-budget or Earth's radiation balance refers to the net flow of energy into Earth in the form of shortwave radiation and the outgoing infrared long-wave radiation into space. Incoming heat is absorbed by the Earth, and outgoing heat escapes the Earth in the form of radiation and both are evenly balanced. In case of their being not balanced, Earth would become either warmer or cooler with the passage of time. This balance between incoming and outgoing heat is known as Earth’s heat budget. Radiative Equilibrium In other words, the heat budget at the top of the atmosphere must be in balanced state which in turn, is called Radiative equilibrium. It is note –worthy that the 29 percent of the solar energy that reaches the top of the atmosphere is reflected back to space by clouds, atmospheric particles, or earth surfaces like sea ice and snow. How the Heat Budget is achieved? This heat or energy plays no role in Earth’s   system. ...

If a rock particle is loosened, chemically or mechanically, but remains there itself, it is called weathering. Once the rock particle starts moving by agents such as water, snow, wind, waves and gravity, it is known as erosion. What is Weathering? Weathering is the process of breaking down of rocks, soil and minerals as well as artificial materialsthrough contact with the atmosphere, biological life and waters. There are two kinds of weathering: physical and chemical weathering. Mechanical or physical weathering takes place by the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric surroundings, such as heat, water, ice and pressure. Chemical weathering involves the direct effect of chemicals present in atmosphere or biologically produced chemicals in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals. The physical weathering take place in very cold or very dry environments, whereas the chemical weathering occurs where the climate is wet and hot. In fact, both types of weather...

A volcano is a region on the Earth’s surface where hot lava, gases and volcanic ash erupt through the earth’s crust. Literally, the word volcano comes from the name of the Roman God of Fire, Vulcan. These volcanoes exist on the Earth because its crust is divided into 17 solid tectonic plates which float on extremely hot and soft layer in the Earth’s mantle. Hence, on this planet, volcanoes are usually found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. Hawaii’s Mauna Loa is the largest volcano on this planet. Mt. St Helens in USA is the most active volcano. Olympus Mons on the planet Mars is the largest volcano in the Solar System. Types of Volcanoes The volcanoes are classified on the basis of their frequency of eruption. Active Volcanoes are those that erupt regularly. One example of the active volcano is Kilauea, the famous Hawaiian volcano, which has been continuously erupting since 1983, and has the longest lava lake. Another example is Mount Yasur, in Vanuatu, which has b...

Solar System is the assemblage created by the Sun, 8 planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune), their respective moons & other minor or dwarf planets. Mercury Mercury is named after the Greco - Roman messenger of Gods. He was very swift. Mercury has shortest & fastest orbit around the sun. Mercury orbits the Sun nearly every 88 Earth days. It goes around every 58.6 days, giving it 1 full day & a part of a rotation every Mercury year. Venus Venus is the 2nd planet from sun. This planet was named for Roman goddess of love. The mass of mercury is about 80 percent that of Earth & it has about 85 percent of Earth’s volume, making it a little less dense than the Earth. Earth Earth is the 3rd planet from sun. It is the only planet known to have life. About 70 percent of Earth is covered by water. Earth has 1 moon, sometimes known as Luna. Its moon is the largest moon of inner planet. Mars Mars is the 2nd smallest planet in solar system since ...

Electromagnetic scattering is the physical effect of an electromagnetic wave, such as light or radio waves, hitting an object. Instead of proceeding in a straight line, as light waves do unimpeded, the light refracts or bounces off of microscopic textures in the object. Several different aspects of electromagnetic scattering are distinct enough to have conventional names. Major forms of elastic light scattering (involving negligible energy transfer) are Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering.

MBA JEE SCHOOL COLLEGES JOBS CAREERS CURRENT AFFAIRS GK NEWS RESULTS हिंदी SEARCH Home Geography Compton Scattering JAGRAN JOSH SEP 14, 2012 13:30 IST   Compton Scattering Compton observed the scattering of x-rays from electrons in a carbon target and found scattered x-rays with a longer wavelength than those incident upon the target. The electron is ejected from its orbital position and the x-ray photon loses energy because of the interaction but continues to travel through the material along an altered path. Compton Scattering Compton observed the scattering of x-rays from electrons in a carbon target and found scattered x-rays with a longer wavelength than those incident upon the target. The electron is ejected from its orbital position and the x-ray photon loses energy because of the interaction but continues to travel through the material along an altered path. Compton scattering is of prime importance to radiobiology Inverse Compton scat...

1- Latitudinal features: Hadley cell The region in which the equatorward moving surface flows converge and rise is known as the intertropical convergence zone, or ITCZ, a high-precipitation band of thunderstorms.Having lost most of its water vapor to condensation and rain in the upward branch of the circulation, the descending air is dry. Low relative humidities are produced as the air is adiabatically warmed due to compression as it descends into a region of higher pressure. 2- Latitudinal features: Polar cell During Drosophila oogenesis, the somatic follicle cells form an epithelial layer surrounding the germline cells to form egg chambers. In this process, follicle cell precursors are specified into polar cells, stalk cells, and main-body follicle cells. Proper specification of these three cell types ensures correct egg chamber formation and polarization of the anterior-posterior axis of the germline cells. 3- Latitudinal features: Ferrel cell The Ferrel cell has air motion opposite...

Tectonic Plates A tectonic plate is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Its size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest.   a) Type of plate boundaries   crashing: Convergent Boundaries, pulling apart: Divergent Boundaries, sideswiping: Transform Boundaries   b) Driving forces Driving forces can be identified by different approaches. This page summarizes some and also includes driving forces as seen through the eyes of experts in the field. It is organized so you can see a particular driving force, see who agrees, and they what others in that list believe . c) Magnetic Stripping There are two different types of magnetic striping. One is a phenomenon that appears on the ocean floor; the other is a method of encrypting data on plastic cards

Cryosphere The Cryosphere is an Imperial space station in the Music star system, which is considered to be of major strategic importance. With the Cryosphere (the largest human-built extrasolar space station in existence), control can be maintained over the whole system.   a) Structure: snow he structure of snow consists of two interconnecting. phases, ice and pore space (gas), and sometimes a third phase, liquid water. This paper is mostly limited to methods for observing the structure of cold, dry snow.   b) Sea ice Sea ice is a thin, fragile, solid layer that forms in the Polar Oceans. It forms a boundary between the relatively warm ocean and the cooler atmosphere.   c) Frozen ground and permafrost   Frozen ground is soil or rock in which part or all of the water has frozen. If the ground is frozen all year long, we call it "permafrost," or permanently frozen ground. The land, hardened and without any liquid water, is made up of mineral particles (particles of soi...

Lithosphere   The lithosphere is the outer solid part of the earth, including the crust and uppermost mantle. It is about 100 km thick, although its thickness is age dependent.   a) Oceanic lithosphere The lithosphere is composed of crust and hard upper mantle. The oceanic lithosphere would be hard upper mantle and basaltic oceanic crust.   b) Subducted lithosphere It  is a relatively thin layer, 50-100 km thick under the oceans, 150 km thick on the continents. The lithosphere is composed of the upper crust, 5 km thick in the oceans and 65 km thick on the continents, and the upper mantle, which makes up the remainder. c) Mantle xenoliths Mantle xenoliths provide unique information about the chemistry and mineralogy of deep lithospheric rock types

Magnetic field A magnet produces a vector field, the magnetic field, at all points in the space around it. It can be defined by measuring the force the field exerts on a moving charged particle, such as an electron. Magnetic field lines A magnetic field line can be thought of as consisting of lines of force. The forces of magnetic attraction and repulsion move along the lines of force. Magnetic pole models Geomagnetic models form the foundation of traditional, compass-based navigational systems. The primary world model is the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), compiled from magnetic measurements collected by national observatories in many countries, as well as readings made from ships, airplanes, and satellites. 1- Magnetic pole model and the H-field 2- Amperian loop model and the B-field Amperian loop modal Electric currents produce a magnetic field and Ampere discovered that electric currents attracted and repelled each other similar to magnets, it was natural to hypot...

 Continents  Lowest Point   Asia  Dead Sea  South America  Laguna del Carbón  North America  Death Valley  Africa  Lake Assal  Europe  Caspian Sea  Antarctica  Deep Lake  Australia  Lake Eyre Highest point Continents Highest Point Africa Mount Kilimanjaro Antarctica Vinson Massif Asia Mount Everest Australia Puncak Jaya Europe Mount Elbrus North America Mount McKinley South America Aconcagua

Here you can find the list of important tribes and their homeland. The names of the tribes are mentioned in bold. The list will be helpful for students preparing for competitive exams. Aleuts:  Alaska Ainus:  Japan Bedouin:  Sahara and Middle East Bindibu or Aborigins:  Australia Bushman : Kalahari Chukchi:  NE Asia, USSR, North Siberia Eskimos : Greenland, North Canada, Alaska, N Siberia Fulani:  Western Africa Gobi Mongols:  Gobi Guicas:  Amazon forest area Hausa:  North Nigeria Hotten tots : Hot tropical Africa Ibanas:  Equatorial rain forest region of South-East Asia India Tribes:  Amazon basin Kalmuk:  Central Asia Kazakhs:  Kazakhistan Kirghiz:  Asiatic steppes Koryakas:  N. Siberia, Eurassian Lapps:  N. Finland, Scandinavian country Maoris:  New Zealand Masai:  East & Central Africa Meos:  Myanmar Orang Alsi:  Malaysia Pygmies:  Congo basin, Zaire Red Indian:  N. America Semangs:  East Sumatra Tapiro:  Papua New Guinea Turregs:  Sahara Yoakuts:  Siberia Zulus:  South Africa

Let us have a look at the largest islands of the world. Australia is broadly considered as the continental landmass, not an island. In fact, it unquestionably is the largest island, with the size of 7,618,493 sq km. S.No. Name of Island Area 1 Greenland (840,004 sq miles) (2,175,600 sq km) 2 New Guinea (303,381 sq miles) (785,753 sq km) 3 Borneo (288,869 sq miles) (748,168 sq km) 4 Madagascar (226,917 sq miles) (587,713 sq km) 5 Baffin (194,574 sq miles) (503,944 sq km) 6 Sumatra (171,069 sq miles) (443,066 sq km) 7 Honshu (88,982 sq miles) (225,800 sq km) 8 Great Britain (88,787 sq miles) (229,957 sq km) 9 Victoria (85,154 sq miles) (220,548 sq km) 10 Ellesmere (71,029 sq miles) (183,965 sq km)

Asteroids Asteroids are rocky remains left over from the formation of solar system. Most asteroids orbit the sun in a girdle between Mars & Jupiter. Scientists believe there are possibly millions of asteroids, arraying extensively in size from hundreds of kilometers across to less than 1 kilometer broad. Sporadically, asteroids' orbital paths are inclined by the gravitational haul of planets, which cause their paths to change. Scientists consider wandering asteroids or fragments from past collisions have knocked into Earth in the past, playing a key role in the development of our planet. Comets Comets are comparatively small, flimsy, erratically shaped bodies. They are left over from solar system formation procedure. Comets are icy dirtballs that form in outer solar system. The icy surface is entrenched with grit, dust & particles from space. Several comets have elliptical orbits that cut athwart the orbits of planets, taking them very close to the sun & then swinging t...

The effects of multiple scattering on coda waves have been investigated by an extension of the single-scattering theory. The contributions to the coda power due to multiple scattering from a uniform distribution of isotropic scatterers in a two-dimensional infinite elastic medium have been numerically evaluated. Single and multiple scattering contributions to the circumsolar radiation along the almucantar and sun vertical have been computed by a Gauss-Seidel solution to the radiative transfer equation. In the near forward direction, the multiple scattering contributions are significant for optical depths of the order of 0.4. However, the shape of the angular distribution of almucantar radiance up to 10° appears less sensitive to multiple scattering.

MBA JEE SCHOOL COLLEGES JOBS CAREERS CURRENT AFFAIRS GK NEWS RESULTS हिंदी SEARCH Home Geography Dielectric Constant and Momentum JAGRAN JOSH SEP 14, 2012 12:24 IST   e) Dielectric constant dielectric constant,  property of an electrical insulating material (a dielectric) equal to the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor filled with the given material to the capacitance of an identical capacitor in a vacuum without the dielectric material. The dielectric constant k is the relative permittivity of a dielectric material. It is an important parameter in characterizing capacitors. f) Density DENSITY is a physical property of matter, as each element and compound has a unique density associated with it. Density defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with a constant volume. g) Group index The ratio of the vacuum velocity of light to the group velocity in a medium Group Index.  h) Momentum Moment...

Lenses   Thinner, lighter high-index lenses are especially recommended if you have a strong eyeglass prescription for nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism. High-Index Lenses   1- Thinner. Because of their ability to bend light more efficiently, high-index lenses for nearsightedness have thinner edges than lenses with the same prescription power that are made of conventional plastic material. 2- Lighter. Thinner edges require less lens material, which reduces the overall weight of the lenses. Lenses made of high-index plastic are lighter than the same lenses made in conventional plastic, so they're more comfortable to wear.