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The practice of maintaining Records had been in vogue with the advent of Art of writing in Manipur. The Official Records were maintained in the Royal Court. Individuals also used to maintain private records. With the coming of the British, maintenance of records in the record   room of the State Secretariat was started.  Early in March 1958, the National Committee of Archivist which is a sub-section of the National Archives of India, New Delhi recommended to establish a State Record Office with minimum standard in the initial stages to look after the maintenance, preservation and proper utilization of records by every State in the country. With a view to establish a State Record Office of the norms as laid down by the National Archives of India, Government of India, New Delhi, the Manipur State Archives was established in March, 1982 under the Directorate of Social Welfare, Art & Culture, Manipur. Then the Art & Culture Directorate was bifurcated from the Directorate of Social ...

Sikkim is sheer magic . This is not just the most beautiful place in the world but cleanest and safest too. If once the charms of the State were limited to mists, mountains and colourful butterflies, they are now complimented by tangible development and progress. With its unique culture and natural landscape, Sikkim is a picture of perfection and pristine purity. Nestled in the Himalayas and endowed with exceptional natural resources, Sikkim is a hotspot of biodiversity and development. Though small in size, yet Sikkim has been identified world over as an important repository of germplasms of unknown dimensions. Perhaps, there is no part of the world, which offers a spectacular scene with every turn of the road as Sikkim. Though land-locked, Sikkim is one of the most beautiful and strategically important state of the Indian Union. Bounded by foreign nations on three sides, it shares its boundary with the sister state of West Bengal. Surrounded on three sides by precipitous mountain wal...

Haryana bears the footprints of kings and warriors, saint and sages, sufis and savants. The continuity of its rich past has been unbroken through ages, with legends of the epic heroes and places of pilgrimage like temples, sarovars and dargahs. The resilience of the spirit of its people finds resurgence against a continuous back-drop of invasions and battles – triumphs and conquests! Being the gateway of North India, Haryana has witnessed many ancient to modern wars ranging from Shuks and Huns to Akbar and Humayun and Babar's at Panipat to the decline of Mogul empire leading to British rule. Excavations of various archaeological sites like Nauragabad, Mittathal, Rakhi Garhi and several others bear out evidence of pre-Harrappan and Harrappan culture. Findings of pottery, sculpture and jewellery at Pehowa, Kurukshetra and Panipat sites match with Prithudaka (Pehowa), Tilpat (Panipat) and Sonprastha (Sonipat), establish the to occurence of Mahabharata war. Haryana Tourism has develope...

The NMNH owes its genesis to Smt. Indira Gandhi, the former Prime Minister, who while considering new projects to be initiated in 1972 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of India's Independence, decided that the country needs a Museum of Natural History to depict its flora, fauna and mineral wealth to provide an out of school facility for education of children and to promote environmental awareness among the masses. The NMNH opened its doors to the public in a rented building in Mandi house on 5th June 1978, coinciding symbolically with the World Environment Day. From a single Museum located in New Delhi, the NMNH has extended its geographical range by establishing Regional Museums of Natural History (RMNH) in many parts of the Country such as Southern Region (Mysore), Central Region (Bhopal) and Eastern Region (Bhubaneswar). Two more Museums are being established in Western Region (Sawai Madhopur) and North-Eastern Region (Gangtok). The NMNH at New Delhi caters to the needs o...

The history of the origin and the growth of the Indian Museum is one of the remarkable events towards the development of heritage and culture of India. Founded in 1814 at the cradle of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (at the present building of the Asiatic Society, 1 Park Street, Kolkata), Indian Museum is the earliest and the largest multipurpose Museum not only in the Indian subcontinent but also in the Asia-Pacific region of the world. With the foundation of Indian Museum in 1814, the Museum movement started rolling in India and through the years from then, got a new fillip and great momentum. Since then, it has so magnificently developed and culminated into the fruitful existence of more than 400 museums in the country. The movement, which was started in 1814, in fact was the beginning of a significant epoch initiating the socio-cultural and scientific achievements of the country. It is otherwise considered as the beginning of the modernity and the end of mediaeval era.

The National Museum, New Delhi, as we see it today, has an interesting beginning. The blueprint for establishing the National Museum in Delhi was prepared by the Maurice Gwyer Committee in May 1946. An Exhibition of Indian Art, consisting of selected artefacts from various museums of India was organized by the Royal Academy, London with the cooperation of Government of India and Britain. The Exhibition went on display in the galleries of Burlington House, London during the winter months of 1947-48. It was decided to display the same collection in Delhi, before the return of exhibits to their respective museums. An exhibition was organized in the the RashtrapatiBhawan (President’s residence), New Delhi in 1949, which turned out to be a great success. This event proved responsible for the creation of the National Museum. The success of this Exhibition led to the idea that advantage should be taken of this magnificent collection to build up the nucleus collection of the National Museum. S...

The major Hindu festivals which have a national character are: Saraswati Puja, Ganesh Puja, Sivaratri, Janmastami, Durga Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Kali Puja, Kartik Pjua, etc. Durga Puja Durga Puja (September-October) symbolises the commemoration of good over evil.  Life comes to a stand-still in the city of Cuttack as crowds pour over the Puja Mandaps to enjoy the festivities. On the day succeeding 'Vijaya Dasami', the last day of Dussera, the images are taken in a spectacular procession for immersion in the river Kathajodi. Saraswati Puja Saraswati Puja is usually held in January-February and it is also known as 'Vasanta Panchami' (fifth day of Spring) and it marks the end of Winter and advent of spring. Saraswati is the goddess of learning and as such this festival is celebrated most ardently by the school and college students to pray for success in their academic pursuits. Thousands of clay idols are worshipped in the academic institutions, in public places and in homes. ...

Festivals of Odisha There is no better evidence for this religio-spiritual yearning in its popular form than the string of festivals that is spread over the year. As has been said earlier, Odisha is a confluence of the  Aryan, Dravidian and Adivasi  cultures all of which by the quest of the numinous. Dola Purnima (Holi) Dolapwnima or Holi is the most famous spring festival of India. Usually celebrated in  March It has special properties in its celebration in Odisha where it is a five day affair, especially in the rural areas. The images of Krishna are worshipped form Dashami (10th day of the bright fortnight) to the full moon day. The images are taken in decorated vimans, small wooden temples, carried on the shoulders of bearers from house to house where offerings are made to them. After the tour of the village the vimanas from different villages are assembled in an open field and the time is spent in bhajana and kirtan. Jatras and palas are also held in the area. The day after the ful...

An unbroken history of the unusual people of this land has continued from several centuries before Christ. It has left its imprint in the shape of numerous monuments and every "passing day, new  excavations bring to light more and more of such sites from almost all parts of the state. They reveal the existence of a flourishing civilization, striking by any standard. Few other cultures in all the senses of the term are as rich and as varied. In the sphere of religion and philosophy, Tribal and Aryan religions, Buddhism and Jainism, Islam and Christianity all have existed in history and they continue side by side even now as a testimony to the religious tolerance of the people of this land. In art and architecture, centuries of history survive in the shape of temples and even today they survive in replicas, which provide livelihood to the descendants of the ancient practitioners of these arts. Through centuries Odisha has retained its cultural identity within the main stream of pal-...

The history of Odisha art and architecture  is dating from  261 B.C. , when Ashok , the the then King of Magadha conquerd Odisha, then known as Kalinga . The existing ancient monuments of Odisha cover a period of about two thousand years  and present a varied and interesting study.... Odisha is full of archaeological treasures dating from the pre-historic times upto the end of the Muslim rule in the middle of the sixteenth century. The excavations at Sisupalgarh and Jaugada testify to the presence of a highly developed pre-historic civilisation in Odisha. The caves of Khandagiri and Udayagiri represent Odisha cave architecture dating back to the first century BC. The caves were cut out in the solid rock on the orders of King Kharavela for the use of Jaina ascetics. There are altogether eighteen caves in Udayagiri and fifteen caves in Khandagiri. The caves are decorated with sculptural motifs. The Ranigumpha cave in Udayagiri is a two-storeyed structure and bears highly artistic sculptu...

The Odisha culture stands for its religious catholicity and tolerance resulting in the assimilation of the tenets of all main stream of Indian religions like Buddhism, Jainism, Saivism, Tantricism and Vaisanvism in to the ecletic cult of Lord Jagannatha, who came to be recognised as the presiding deity of the State.

Odisha has its distinct styles of architecture, sculpture, painting, song, dance and literature. It has some of the World’s renowned temples, like the Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneswar, Jagannatha temple at Puri and the Sun temple at Konark, which is included in the World Heritage list. Similarly, the Jaina caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri and the Buddhist viharas and stupas of Lalitagiri, Udayagiri and Ratnagiri are the unique landmarks of Odisha architectural and artistic achievements.

In ancient times the long sea-coast line extending from the mouth of the river Ganga to the river Godavari with prosperous ports of Tamralipti, Dantapura, Palur, Kalinganagara, which harboured large boats and ships, had opened up channels of oversea trade and cultural exchanges with the countries of South East Asia, like Bali, Java, Sumatra and Suvarnadipa etc.

Baground Of all the regional cultures, Odisha or the ancient Kalinga played a very conspicuous and vital role in the cultural matrix of Indian civilization. Situated on the eastern coast of India,it imbibed the quintessence of cultural traditions of both Northern India and Southern India,yet it succeeded in developing a distnict identity of its own in the realms of creative arts. The Odisha culture has a three tiered structure with interfaces and interpolation, the tribal/ethnic, the folk/peasant and the urban/classical which existed side by side enriching and enlarging the cultural dimensions. The cultural heritage of Odisha is one of the oldest,embracing a period of about three thousand years.

The genesis of the Odisha State Museum goes back to the year l932, when two notable Historians, Prof. N.C. Banerjee and Prof. Ghanshyam Dash of Ravenshaw College, Cuttack started collection of archaeological treasures from various places. The small Museum was then housed within the premises of the College. In l938, by a suitable order, the Government of Odisha transformed this nucleus into the Provincial Museum of Odisha and appointed Committee of Management consisting of the Principal, the Head of the Department of History and three other Professors of the College. Maintaining close contact with the general public and the Archaeological Department of the Government of India and other States, the Museum continued to grow. In order to popularize the cultural exhibits of the Museum, leaflets printed both in Odia and English were published in the Samaj and the New Odisha and copies of the same were sent to officials and the public to create a sense of awareness about the significance of t...

India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history. When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization) The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu. The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name 'Hindustan' combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus. Chess was invented in India. Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies, which originated in India. The 'Place Value System' and the 'Decimal System' were developed in India in 100 B.C. The World's First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The shikhara of the temple is made from a single 80-tonne piece of granite. This magnificent temple was built in just five year...

A flag is a necessity for all nations. Millions have died for it. It is no doubt a kind of idolatry which would be a sin to destroy. For, a flag represents an Ideal The unfurling of the Union Jack evokes in the English breast sentiments whose strength it is difficult to measure. The Stars and Stripes mean a world to the Americans. The Star and the Crescent will call forth the best bravery in Islam. It will be necessary for us Indians Muslims, Christians Jews, Parsis, and all others to whom India is their home-to recognize a common flag to live and to die for. Mahatma Gandhi

India, also known as Bharat, is a Union of States. It is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Republic is governed in terms of the Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and came into force on 26th January, 1950. The Constitution provides for a Parliamentary form of government which is federal in structure with certain unitary features. The constitutional head of the Executive of the Union is the President. As per Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the council of the Parliament of the Union consists of the President and two Houses known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). Article 74(1) of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as its head to aid and advise the President, who shall exercise his/her functions in accordance to the advice. The real executive power is thus veste...

C. Rajagopalachari , His Excellency the Governor-General in a broadcast talk from the Delhi Station of All-India Radio on Jan 26, 1950 said: On the eve of my laying down office, with the inauguration of the Republic, I should like to tender my greetings and best wishes to the men and women of India who will henceforth be a citizen of a republic. I feel deeply thankful for the affection showered on me by all sections of the people, which alone enabled me to bear the burden of an office to the duties and conventions of which I had been an utter stranger.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad , the first President of Independent India, in his special message to his countrymen, on the birth of the Indian Republic, said: "We must re-dedicate ourselves on this day to the peaceful but sure realization of the dream that had inspired the Father of our Nation and the other captains and soldiers of our freedom struggle, the dream of establishing a classless, co-operative, free and happy society in 'his country'. We must remember that this is more a day of dedications than of rejoicing - dedication to the glorious task of making the peasants and workers the toilers and the thinkers fully free, happy and cultured."

Though India became a free nation on August 15, 1947, it enjoyed the true spirit of Independence on January 26, 1950 when the Constitution of India finally came into force. The Constitution gave the citizens of India the power to govern themselves by choosing their own government. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, took oath as the first President of India at the Durbar Hall in the Government House and this was followed by the Presidential drive along a five-mile route to the Irwin Stadium, where he unfurled the National Flag. Ever since the historic day, January 26 is celebrated with festivities and patriotic fervor all around the country. The day owes its importance to the constitution of India that was adopted on this day. On this Republic Day, read what the great Constitution of India, that propounds liberal democracy, has in its store. Let's also feel proud in pronouncing what the Preamble to our Constitution says.

The Indian Constituent Assembly, which was constituted as a result of the negotiations between the Indian leaders and members of the British Cabinet Mission, had its first meeting on December 9, 1946. The Objective of the Assembly was to give India a constitution, which would serve a lasting purpose and hence appointed a number of committees to thoroughly research the various aspects of the proposed constitution. The recommendations were discussed, debated and revised many times before the Indian Constitution was finalized and officially adopted three years later on November 26, 1949.

The seeds of a republican nation were sowed at the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress at the midnight of 31st December 1929. The session was held under the presidency of Pt. Jawarhar Lal Nehru. Those present in the meeting took a pledge to mark January 26 as "Independence Day" in order to march towards realizing the dream of complete independence from the British. The Lahore Session paved way to the Civil Disobedience movement. It was decided that January 26, 1930 would be observed as the Purna Swaraj (complete Independence) Day. Many Indian political parties and Indian revolutionaries from all over the country united to observe the day with honour and pride.

A salute of 21 guns and the unfurling of the Indian National flag by Dr. Rajendra Prasad heralded the historic birth of the Indian Republic on January 26, 1950; 894 days after our country became a dominion following withdrawal of British Rule. Since then, every year the day is celebrated with great pride and happiness all over the nation. The transition of India from a British colony to a sovereign, secular, and democratic nation was indeed historical. It was a long journey of around two decades that started with the conceptualisation of the dream in 1930 to its actual realization in 1950. A look into the journey that led to the birth of Indian Republic will make our celebrations more meaningful.

Every free nation of the world has its own flag. It is a symbol of a free country. The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during the meeting of Constituent Assembly held on the 22 July 1947, a few days before India's independence from the British on 15 August, 1947. It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 and that of the Republic of India thereafter. In India, the term "tricolour" refers to the Indian national flag. The National flag of India is a horizontal tricolor of deep saffron (kesari) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centre of the white band is a navy blue wheel which represents the chakra. Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes. Evolut...

National Flag The National Flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesaria) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel which represents the chakra. The top saffron colour, indicates the strength and courage of the country. The white middle band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The green shows the fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land. Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes. The design of the National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947.

Though India became a free nation on August 15, 1947, it declared itself a Sovereign, Democratic and Republic state with the adoption of the Constitution on January 26, 1950. A salute of 21 guns and the unfurling of the Indian National Flag by Dr. Rajendra Prasad heralded the historic birth of the Indian Republic on that day. Thereafter 26 th  of January was decreed a national holiday and was recognised as the Republic Day of India. The Constitution gave the citizens of India the power to choose their own government and paved the way for democracy. Dr. Rajendra Prasad took oath as the first President of India at the Durbar Hall in Government House and this was followed by the Presidential drive along a five-mile route to the Irwin Stadium, where he unfurled the  National Flag .

. Sri Hormasji Peroshaw Mody : 26th January, 1950 to 1st June, 1952 4. Sri Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi : 2nd June, 1952 to 9th June, 1957 5. Sri Varahagiri Venkata Giri : 10th June, 1957 to 30th June, 1960 6. Dr. Burugula Ramakrishna Rao : 1st July, 1960 to 15th April, 1962 7. Sri Biswanath Das : 16th April, 1962 to 30th April, 1967 8. Dr. Bezwada Gopala Reddi Sri Shashi Kanta Verma (Acting) : 1st May, 1967 to 30th June, 1972 1st July, 1972 to 13th November, 1972 9. Sri Akbar Ali Khan : 14th November, 1972 to 24th October, 1974 10. Dr. Marri Channa Reddy : 25th October, 1974 to 1st October, 1977 11. Sri Ganpatrao Devji Tapase : 2nd October, 1977 to 27th February, 1980 12. Sri Chandeshwar Prasad Narain Singh : 28th February, 1980 to 31st Mach, 1985 (A/N) 13. Sri Mohammed Usman Arif : 31st March, 1985 (A/N) to 11th February, 1990 14. Sri B. Satyanaraya Reddy : 12th February, 1990 to 26th May, 1993 15. Sri Motilal Vohra : 27th May, 1993 to 2nd May, 1995 16. Sri Mohammed Safi Quraishi : 3rd...

1. Srimati Sarojini Naidu Sri B.B. Malik (Acting) : 15th August, 1947 to 2nd March, 1949 3rd March, 1949 to 1st May, 1949 2. Sri Hormasji Peroshaw Mody : 2nd May, 1949 to 25th January, 1950

Sir Spencer Harcourt Butler : 3rd January, 1921 to 21st December, 1922 2.Sir William Sinclair Marris : 24th December, 1922 to 13th August, 1926 and 1st December, 1926 to 14th January, 1928 Sir Samuel Parry O' Donnel(Acting) : 14th August, 1926 to 30th November, 1926 3. Sir Alexanda Phillips Muddimak : 18th June, 1928 to 9th August, 1928 and Nawab Sir Muhammad Ahmad Sajid Khan (Acting) : 7th April, 1933 to 26th November, 1933 4. Sir William Malcolm Hailey : 10th August, 1928 to 21st December, 1928 22nd April, 1929 to 16th October, 1930 19th April, 1931 to 6thApril, 1933 and 27th November, 1933 to 5th December, 1934 Sir George Bancoft Lambert (Acting) : 22nd December, 1928 to 21st April, 1929 and 17th October, 1920 to 18th April, 1931 5. Sir Harry Graham Haig : 6th December, 1934 to 16th May, 1938 and 17th September, 1938 to 6th December, 1939 6. Sir Maurice Garnier Hallett : 17th May, 1938 to 16th September, 1938 and 7th December, 1939 to 6th December 1945 7. Sir Francis Verner Wyli...

India has been attracting the whole world with her rich cultural heritages and spirituality. The renowned Kumbh Mela is a unique blend of all these. Haridwar Kumbh has its importance as the last Kumbh of this century. "The Kumbh and the Ardh Kumbh" fairs are held periodically, every twelve and six years in Haridwar where a large number of pilgrims and devotees get together to,commemorate the churning of the ocean by the Devas (Gods) and Asuras (Demons) to obtain nector (Amrit).when the coveted Kumbh (jar) of nector was obtained one of the Devas stopped at four places viz. Haridwar, Prayag, Nasik and Ujjain before he finally arrived safely at heaven. A few drops of this nector is supposed to have spilled in the water in these four places. Sages, saints and pilgrims started periodically to flock to these Tirths to celebrate this divine event by taking dips in the holy rivers. It is an unique event that blends religious and social features of Indian society.

F estivals of almost all the religions are celebrated in U.P. The composite culture of the State is famous all over India. Various communities celebrate as many as 40 festivals with gaity and complete communal harmony. Sheetla Ashtami, Raksha Bandhan, Vaishakhi Purnima, Ganga Dashahara, Naag Panchami, Krishna Janmashtami, Ram Navami, Ganesha Chaturthi, Vijaya Dashmi, Deepawali, Kartik Purnima, Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami, Shivaratri and Holi are the main festivals of the Hindus. I'd, Moharram, Bakr-I'd, Barawafat and Shab-e-Barat are the major Muslim festivals. New Years Day, Good-Friday, Easter and Christmas are the prominent festivals of the Christians. Buddha Purnima for Buddhists, Mahavir Jayanti for Jains, the birthday of Guru Nanak, Martyr's day of Guru Teg Bahadur and Vaishakhi are the famous festivals of the people of Sikh faith. About 2,250 fairs are held every year in Uttar Pradesh. The largest number of fairs are held in Mathura (86), followed by Kanpur and ...

T he number of service cases of Government servants in courts was constantly rising. Such cases involved time and money of State Government officers and employees and of State corporations and companies. Keeping this in view, the Uttar Pradesh Public Service Tribunal was set up in 1976 with the objective of rendering speedy and cheaper justice to the employees.

T he Subordinate Judiciary has been divided into two parts 'The U.P. Civil Judicial Services' and 'The U.P. Higher Judicial Service'. The former consists of Munsifs and Civil Judges including Small Cause Judges and the latter of Civil and Sessions Judges (now Additional District Sessions Judges). The District Judge is the controller of the Subordinate Judicial Service at the district level. The State is divided into 46 judicial districts, each under the control of a District Judge. In certain cases Munsifs and Assistant Collectors and Assistant Session Judge also. The jurisdiction of the District Judge extends to more than one revenue district in some cases. On the civil side, the Munsif's Court is the lowest court. The next higher court is that of the Civil Judge. The highest court at the district level is that of the District Judge. In criminal cases, the Munsif has the powers of a Judicial Magistrate. From October 2, 1967, the Judicial Magistrates, who were hithe...

T he High Court is the apex court in the State in respect of civil and criminal cases. The Board of Revenue is the highest court in respect of revenue cases. Under Article 277 of the Constitution, the High Court has been given the power of superintendence over all others courts and tribunals. The High Court is a Court of records which means that its work and proceedings serve as perpetual evidence. Its records are of sich high authority that their content cannot be challenged in any lower court. As a court of record, it has also the power to punish persons guilty of its contempt. The Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India and the Governor of the State. Other Judges are appointed by him on the advice of the Chief Justice. Only such persons are eligible for the post of High Court who have worked as an advocate for at least ten years or held office in any Judicial Service for the same period. ...

A fter the Secretariat and Heads of Departments, the Divisional Commissioner occupies an important place. He is fully responsible for law and order, revenue, administration and other matters pertaining to his division. He has to exercise supervision over the district officers, local bodies and planning and development works. Each division consists of certain districts. Each district is under the admistrative charge of a district officer who is also called the District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner. The District Officer is fully responsible for the law and order in his district and has extensive administrative, police and revenue powers. Besides maintaining revenue records, he has also to look after works relating to planning and development and land reforms. The district is further divided into tehsils, blocks and villages for administrative convenience and for collection of revenue and development works.

M ost departments of the Secretariat have heads of departments and heads of offices under their administrative control, who function as the executive authorities of the Government. All the government orders are issued in the name of the Governor but are signed by the Secretary or officers under him down to the rank of Under Secretary. The work of Government is conducted in Hindi, in Devanagri script. The Principal Secretaries, Secretaries, Special Secretaries, Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and Under-Secretaries are appointed either from the Central or State Administrative Services. Some Deputy Secretaries and Under Secretaries are also appointed from the permanent Secretariat Services. As a matter of fact, mostly permanent officers of the Secretariat are appointed to the post of Under Secretary. Offices in Judical and Legislative Departments are appointed from the Judicial Services. The work of the Secretariat can be divided broadly into the following categories:- (i) Personnel...

T he State has a bi-cameral Legislature since 1937. The Upper House or the Vidhan Parishad is a permanent House. Members are elected or nominated for six years and one-sixth of them retire every second year. It has 108 members, 12 of whom are nominated by the Governor.Thirty-nine members are elected each by the Vidhan Sabha and Local bodies and nine each by the teachers and graduates. The Vidhan Parishad has no right to vote on demands for money, nor can any money bill be introduced in it. No other bill can become a law unless passed by both the Hosuse. The presiding officers of Vidhan Parishad are known as Chairman and Deputy Chairman. They are elected and hold their offices like the presiding officers of Vidhan Sabha. Both the Houses of Legislature have their own separate Secretariats and Secretaries. They function independently of the State Government Secretariat and Secretaries. Both the Secretariats have been divided into sections which look after parliamentary, accounts and commi...

T he House has not enough time to deal with every matter that comes before it or to examine it in detail. So, it works through the Committees. There are committees to deal with Legislation matters like the Select Committee on bills or the Delegated Legislative Committee which examines rules, regulations and by laws framed by the Government underpowers vested in it under the various Acts and the Constitution. Besides, the House has three improtant Financial Committees-- the Estimates Committee, the Public Accounts Committee, and the Public Undertakings and Corporation Committee. The Estimates Committee examines the estimates presented in the House. The Public Accounts Committee examines the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to this State and sees to it whether the money spent was actually available or not and had been spent for the purpose for which it was earmarked by the House. Uttar Pradesh is the first State to accept the Principle that the Chairman of...