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Customs duty  is a tax that people pay for importing and exporting goods. Foreign investors can now  import  and export goods without paying  customs duties .“Customs” means the Government Service which is responsible for the administration of Customs law and the collection of duties and taxes and which also has the responsibility for the application of other laws and regulations relating to the importation, exportation, movement or storage of goods. Ans: Custom duty ,Excise duty and Estate duty Excise duty A percentage levied on manufacture, sale, or use of locally produced goods(such as alcoholic drinks or tobacco products). A percentage tax levied on a company's revenue, instead of (like income tax) on the cotmpany's income. A fixed tax levied on an activity or occupation, such as the license feecharged from attorneys, doctors, and other professionals. Also called excise tax. Estate duty is a tax on the total market value of a person's assets (cash and non-cash) at the ...

The Income Tax Department, also referred to as IT Department, is a government agency undertaking direct tax collection of the Government of India. It functions under the Department of Revenue of the Ministry of Finance. Ans: Income tax Taxes in India can be categorized as direct and indirect taxes. Direct tax is a tax you pay on your income directly to the government. Indirect tax is a tax that somebody else collects on your behalf and pays to the government eg restaurants, theatres and e-commerce websites recover taxes from you on goods you purchase or a service you avail. This tax is, in turn, passed down to the government. Direct Taxes  are broadly classified as : Income Tax – This is taxes an individual or a Hindu Undivided Family or any taxpayer other than companies, pay on the income received. The law prescribes the rate at which such income should be taxed Corporate Tax – This is the tax that companies pay on the profits they make from their businesses. Here again, a speci...

An inheritance or Estate duty is a tax on the total market value of a person's assets (cash and non-cash) at the date of his or her death. It does not matter if the person has a will or not, the assets are still subject to estate duty. The deceased person's assets, as a whole, are called an estate.A former death duty levied on property from 1889. It was replaced in 1975 by capital transfer tax and in 1986 by inheritance tax. Ans : Estate duty ,Sales tax and Land revnue Sales tax A sales tax is a consumption tax imposed by the government on the sale of goods and services. A conventional sales tax is levied at the point of sale, collected by the retailer, and passed on to the government.In India, policies regarding sales tax are governed by the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956. It lays down rules pertaining to tax laws that are binding on the sale and purchase of goods, as well as sales taxes chargeable by the central government. The Central Sales Tax on a particular product is paid ...

Stamp duty is a tax that is levied on documents. Historically, this included the majority of legal documents such as cheques, receipts, military commissions, marriage licences and land transactions. Ans: Stamp duties and Excise duties on medical and toilet materials. Medicinal and toilet preparations act and rules , 1955  ( excise duties ) ... It is an  Act  with provision for levy and collection of  excise duties  on medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol, opium, Indian hemp (cannabis) or other narcotic drugs. Alcohol is an important industrial solvent excellent preservative, and a therapeutic agent. It is an Act with provision for levy and collection of excise duties on medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol, opium, Indian hemp (cannabis) or other narcotic drugs.

Sarkaria Commission  was  set up  in June 1983 by the central government of India. The  Sarkaria Commission's  charter was to examine the relationship and balance of power between state and central governments in the country and suggest changes within the framework of Constitution of India. Ans: Sarkariya commission The Commission was so named as it was headed by Justice Ranjit Singh Sarkaria (Chairman of the commission), a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India.  The other members of the committee were Shri B. Sivaraman (Cabinet Secretary), Dr S.R. Sen (former Executive Director of IBRD) and Rama Subramaniam (Member Secretary).The final report contains 247 recommendations spreading over the 19 Chapters. Source: wikipedia

The cold weather season in India begins during mid November in Northern India and stays till February. December and January are the coldest months. During the cold season, the days are cool and nights are cold. Ans: Cool days and cold nights Clear sky, pleasant weather, low temperature and humidity, high ranges of temperature cool and slow northern winds are the chief characteristics of this season are:- Temperature Pressure and Winds Precipitation

The Himalayan range has many of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m (23,600 ft) in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia (Aconcagua, in the Andes) is 6,961 m (22,838 ft) tall.The Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long.The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people, and are spread across five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Pakistan.It is bounded by the Indus river in the west and the Brahmaputra in the east, the three parallel ranges, the Himadri, Himachal and Shivaliks have deep canyons gorged by the rivers flowing into the Gangetic plain.It form the highest mountain range in the world, extending 2,500 km over northern India . The Himalayan population belongs to four distinct cultural groups, who throughout history have systematically penetrated the isolat...

A Western Disturbance is an extratropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter rain to the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is a non-monsoonal precipitation pattern driven by the westerlies. Ans: Western Disturbance  It is originates over the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.Western Disturbances are important for the development of the Rabi crop, which includes the locally important staple wheat. Western disturbances are usually associated with cloudy sky, higher night temperatures and unusual rain. Excessive precipitation due to western disturbances can cause crop damage, landslides, floods and avalanches. Over the Indo-Gangetic plains, they occasionally bring cold wave conditions and dense fog.  These conditions remain stable until disturbed by another western disturbance. When western disturbances move across northwest India before the onset of monsoon, a temporary advancement of monsoon current appears over the region. Sou...

The Loo is a strong, dusty, gusty, hot and dry summer wind from the west which blows over the western Indo-Gangetic Plain region of North India and Pakistan. It is especially strong in the months of May and June. Due to its very high temperatures, exposure to it often leads to fatal heatstrokes. Ans: Loo, It causes extremely low humidity and high temperatures. The Loo mainly originates in the large desert regions of the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the Great Indian Desert, the Cholistan Desert and the desert areas of Southern Balochistan. The Loo ends in late summer, with the arrival of the Indian monsoon. In some areas of North India and Pakistan, there are brief, but violent, dust storms known as Kali Andhi (or  black blindness ) before the monsoon sets in.

Mawsynram is a village in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya state in north eastern India, 65 kilometres from Shillong. Mawsynram receives one of the highest rainfalls in India. Ans: Mawsynram TELUGUPOPULAR Mawsynram is located at 25° 18′ N, 91° 35′ E, at an altitude of about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft), 15 km west of Cherrapunji, in the Khasi Hillsin the state of Meghalaya (India) . The name of the village contains  Maw , a Khasi word meaning  stone . The average annual rainfall is 467 inches (11,861mm), according to the Guinness website.

Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.5' E longitude, in Mirzapur(Amravati Chauraha), Uttar Pradesh, which is nearly on the corresponding longitude reference line.  Indian Standard Time  ( IST ) is the time observed throughout India, with a time offsetof UTC+05:30. Ans: 82°30'E The country's east–west distance of more than 2,933 kilometres (1,822 mi) covers over 29 degrees of longitude, resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier on India's eastern border than in the Rann of Kutch in the far west. Inhabitants of the northeastern states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise and avoid the extra consumption of energy after daylight hours. In the late 1980s, a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy. The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British–era time zones; the recommendations were not adopted.

The southwestern summer monsoons occur from July through September. The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heat up considerably during the hot summers. This causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush into the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia, and forcing them to rise. As the clouds rise, their temperature drops, and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in) of rain annually. The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the beginning of June and fade away by the end of September. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the  Arabian Sea Branch  and the  Ba...

Mango Showers (since the rain showers are good for the mango trees) occurs along the coast of Kerala. Loo is the name given to the hot, dry winds that blow in the Northern Plains. It is very common in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh (called "aandhi") and Bihar.

It originates in the eastern slopes of glacier fields of Chaukhamba, is joined by the Saraswathi River near Mana, and then flows in front of the Badrinath temple. It then meets the Dhauli Ganga River, which originates from the Niti Pass, to form the Vishnuprayag. This stretch of the Alaknanda River is called the Vishnu Ganga.

Vishnuprayag  is one of the Panch Prayag(five confluences) of Alaknanda River, and lies at the confluence of Alaknanda River and Dhauliganga River, in Chamoli district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.   Vishnuprayag derives its name from Vishnu, According to Hindu scriptures .  it is the place where Sage Narada meditated, after which Vishnu appeared before him. It is near to Kagbhusandi Lake. Vishnuprayag Hydro Electricity Project This project is owned by Jaypee Industries and is around 12 km in length. The project produces 400MW. The project is located at Hanuman Chatti near Vishnuprayag. The Badrinath temple is the main attraction in the town. According to legend Shankara discovered a black stone image of Lord Badrinarayan made of Saligram stone in the Alaknanda River. He originally enshrined it in a cave near the Tapt Kund hot springs.[6][7] In the sixteenth century, the King of Garhwal moved the murti to the present temple.[6] The temple is approximately 50 ft (15 m) tall with a...

A rift valley is a linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. A rift valley is formed on a divergent plate boundary, a crustal extension or spreading apart of the surface, which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion. Ans: The Narmada The  Narmada , also called the  Rewa  and previously also known as  Nerbudda , is a river in central India after the Godavari, and the Krishna. It is also known as "Life Line of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh" for its huge contribution to the state of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in many ways. Narmada rises from Amarkantak Plateau near Anuppur district. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat.It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run fro...

Panjnad River  is a river at the extreme end of Bahawalpur district in Punjab, Pakistan. Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence or merger of the five rivers of the Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Ans: The Indus The  Indus River  (locally called  Mehran  or  daryayey sindh ) is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, towards the Gilgit-Baltistanregion of Pakistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh.  It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan. Source: wikipedia

The  Ganges basin  is a part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin draining 1,086,000 square kilometres in Tibet, Nepal, India and Bangladesh. To the north, the Himalaya or lower parallel ranges beyond form the Ganges-Brahmaputra divide. Ans: The Ganga basin. On the west the Ganges Basin borders the Indus basin and then the Aravalli ridge. Southern limits are the Vindhyas and Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ganges merges with the Brahmaputra through a complex system of common distributaries into the Bay of Bengal. S.No. Name of Basin S.No. Name of Basin 1 Indus 10 Brahmani and Baitarani 2 a) Ganga (Upto Border) b) Brahmaputra (Upto Border) c) Barak etc. (Upto Border) 11 Subernarekha 12 Sabarmati 3 Godavari 13 Mahi 4 Krishna 14 West flowing ivers of Kutch and Kathiawar including Luni 5 Cauvery 15 Narmada 6 Pennar 16 Tapi 7 East flowing rivers between Krishna and Pennar and between Mahanadi and Godavari 17 West flowing rivers from Tapi to Tadri 8 East flowing rivers between Krishna and K...

Damodar River  is a river flowing across the Indian states of Jharkhandand West Bengal. Rich in mineral resources, the valley is home to large-scale mining and industrial activity. Earlier known as the  Sorrow of Bengal  because of its ravaging floods in the plains of West Bengal, Several dams have been constructed in the valley, for the generation of hydroelectricpower. The valley is called “the Ruhr of India”. Ans: The Damodar Damodar Valley Corporation, popularly known as DVC, came into being on July 7, 1948, by an Act of the Constituent Assembly of India(Act No. XIV of 1948) as the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India  

The Nilgiri Mountains form part of the Western Ghats in western Tamil Nadu of Southern India. At least 24 of the Nilgiri Mountains' peaks are above 2,000 metres, the highest peak being Doddabetta, at 2,637 metres.  Highest point is  Doddabetta. Ans: Nilgiri hills Did you know:  Known locally as the Nilgiri Ibex or simply Ibex, it is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Doddabetta is the highest mountain in the Nilgiri Mountains at 2,637 metres. There is a reserved forest area around the peak. It is 9 km from Ooty, on the Ooty-Kotagiri Road in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu, India. It is a popular tourist attraction with road access to the summit. Did you know:  It stands at a staggering height of 8650 feet, offering a bird's eye view of the whole of Coimbatore and the adjoining areas around it.

Ans:  10° Channel The  Andaman and Nicobar Islands,  one of the seven union territories of India comprising 572 islands of which 37 are inhabited, are a group of islands at the juncture of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. The territory is about 150 km (93 mi) north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated from Thailand and Myanmar by the Andaman Sea. It comprises two island groups, the Andaman Islands (partly) and the Nicobar Islands, separated by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel (on the 10°N parallel), with the Andamans to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobars to the south (or by 179 km). The Andaman Sea lies to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the west. Ans:  10° Channel The territory's capital is the city of Port Blair. The total land area of these islands is approximately 8,249 km 2  (3,185 sq mi). The capital of Nicobar Islands is Car Nicobar. The islands host the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the only tri-service geographical command of the Indian Armed Forces.

Ans: The Loktak Lake situated in  Manipur. Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India and is famous for the phumdis floating over it. The lake is located near Moirang in Manipur state, India. The etymology of Loktak is Lok = "stream" and tak = "the end". Area:  287 km² Catchment area:  980 km² Length:  35 km

Ans: Kashmir Himalayas supports the Karewa formation. The Great Kashmir Himalayas are the shelter to the highest peaks in the world and is standing tall in all its glory for several decades.Trekking in these parts is perfect because of the Himalayan mountain range. This stretches along the entire northern frontier of India from North India to East India. Typically the trekking destinations exist in North India in the state of Kashmir. The Famous Peaks of the Himalayas in Kashmir Kolahoi Peak (5425m) Harmukh Peak (5143m) Amarnath Peak (5,186m) Karewa formation Despite continuous erosion since millions of years, more than half of the valley is still occupied by the Karewa. These sediments are dominantly lacustrine in origin. Due to the rise of Pirpanjal, the drainage was impounded and a lake of about  5000 sq. km area was developed and thus a basin was formed.

Ans: Arabian Sea is  the home of Lakshadweep. The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Peninsula, on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea, on the southwest by the Somali Sea, and on the east by India. Did you know:   The Arabian Sea has been crossed by important marine trade routes since the third or second millennium BCE.

Ans: Tropic of Cancer almost divides India into two equal parts. The Tropic of Cancer, which is also referred to as the Northern Tropic, is the most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead. This occurs on the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent. India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. It is the seventh-largest country in the world and has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km and a coastline of 7,516.6 km.  

Ans: Zoji La Pass link the Srinagar to Leh. Srinagar is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It lies in the Kashmir Valley on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus, and Dal and Anchar lakes. The city is known for its natural environment, gardens, waterfronts and houseboats. Leh , a high-desert city in the Himalayas, is the capital of the Leh region in northern India’s Jammu and Kashmir state. Originally a stop for trading caravans, Leh is now known for its Buddhist sites and nearby trekking areas. Massive 17th-century Leh Palace, modeled on the Dalai Lama’s former home (Tibet’s Potala Palace), overlooks the old town’s bazaar and mazelike lanes.

Ans: Mana Pass make way to the land route between Kailash and the Manasarovar. Mount Kailash , is a 6,638 m high peak in the Kailash Range, which forms part of the Transhimalaya in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Lake Manasarovar also called Mapam Yumtso, is a high altitude freshwater lake fed by the Kailash Glaciers near Mount Kailash in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. The lake is revered a sacred place in four religions: Bön, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Ans: Banihal Pass has been created by the Indus River. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Indian state Jammu and Kashmir, towards the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh.  

Ans: Rohtas passes cuts through the Pir Panjal range and links Manali and Leh by road. The Pir Panjal Range is a group of mountains in the Inner Himalayan region, running from east-southeast to west-northwest across the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir where the average elevation varies from 1,400 m to 4,100 m. Manali is a high-altitude Himalayan resort town in India’s northern Himachal Pradesh state. It has a reputation as a backpacking center and honeymoon destination. Set on the Beas River, it’s a gateway for skiing in the Solang Valley and trekking in Parvati Valley. It's also a jumping-off point for paragliding, rafting and  mountaineering in the Pir Panjal mountains, home to 4,000m-high Rohtang Pass. Leh , a high-desert city in the Himalayas, is the capital of the Leh region in northern India’s Jammu and Kashmir state. Originally a stop for trading caravans, Leh is now known for its Buddhist sites and nearby trekking areas. Massive 17th-century Leh Pa...

Ans: Arabia  is the world’s largest peninsula. Saudi Arabia is a desert country encompassing most of the Arabian Peninsula, with Red Sea and Persian (Arabian) Gulf coastlines. Known as the birthplace of Islam, it’s home to the religion’s 2 most sacred mosques: Masjid al-Haram, in Mecca, destination of the annual Hajj pilgrimage, and Medina’s Masjid  an-Nabawi, burial site of the prophet Muhammad. Riyadh, the capital, is a skyscraper-filled metropolis.

Ans: Indonesia  is the largest Archipelago in the world. Indonesia, a Southeast Asian nation made up of thousands of volcanic islands, is home to hundreds of ethnic groups speaking many different languages. It’s known for beaches, volcanoes, Komodo dragons and jungles sheltering elephants, orangutans and tigers.

Definition: A chain or set of islands grouped together. An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.

Ans: strait are naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Most commonly it is a channel of water that lies between two land masses. Some straits are not navigable, for example because they are too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago.  

Ans: Peninsula a body of land surrounded by water on three sides . A peninsula is a landform surrounded by water on the majority of its border while being connected to a mainland from which it extends. The surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such; one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, or spit.

Island piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Island , any area of land smaller than a continent and entirely surrounded by water. Islands may occur in oceans, seas, lakes, or rivers. A group of islands is called an archipelago.Islands may be classified as either continental or oceanic.  Oceanic islands are those that rise to the surface from the floors of the oceanbasins.  Continental islands are simply unsubmerged parts of the continental shelf that are entirely surrounded by water. Many of the larger islands of the world are of the continental type.  Greenland (840,000 square miles [2,175,000 square km]), the largest island, is composed of the same materials as the adjacentNorth American continent, from which it is separated by a shallow and narrow sea.

Ans: Pulakeshin I was the first ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. The Chalukya dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. Pulakeshin was the son and successor of Ranaraga, and a grandson of Jayasimha, the earliest historically attested ruler of his family. His predecessors were vassal kings, probably that of the Kadambas or the early Rashtrakutas of Manapura.

Ans:  Harsha  was the last Hindu emperor . Empire of Harsha was the ninth-largest empire in India by approximate maximum extent (1,000,000 km²).  Harsha, also known as Harshavardhana, was an Indian emperor who ruled North India from 606 to 647 CE. He was a member of the Vardhana dynasty; and was the son of Prabhakarvardhana who defeated the Alchon Huna invaders, and the younger brother of Rajyavardhana, a king of Thanesar, present-day Haryana.  

Ans:  King Porus was the ruler of the kingdom between the rivers Jhelum and Chenab. Porus  or  Poros  was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Hydaspes (River of Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab River), in the Punjab regionof the Indian subcontinent. He is credited to have been a legendary warrior with exceptional skills. Porus fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC),  thought to be fought at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab, which is now part of the modern country of Pakistan.    

Ans: In the 326 BC Alexander invaded India. Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20.  

Krishna III was the last Rashtrakuta king. Krishna III  whose Kannada name was  Kannara  (r. 939 – 967 C.E.) was the last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Manyakheta. He was a shrewd administrator and skillful military campaigner. He waged many wars to bring back the glory of the Rashtrakutas and played an important role in rebuilding the Rashtrakuta empire. He ruled a vast empire stretching from the Narmada river in the north to the Kaveri river delta in the south. A copper grant of 993 issued by the Shilahara king of Thana claims the Rashtrakuta control extended from the Himalayas in the north to Ceylon in the south and from the eastern sea to the western seas. The grant states that when King Krishna III mobilised his armies, the kings of Chola, Bengal, Kannauj, Andhra and Pandya regions used to quiver.

Bhoja was the founder of Pritihara Empire. The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, also known as the Pratihara Empire, was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, that ruled much of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11th century. They ruled first at Ujjain and later at Kannauj.

Vikramashila University was founded by Dharmpala . Vikramashila was one of the two most important centres of learning in India during the Pala Empire, along with Nalanda. Vikramashila was established by King Dharmapala in response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nalanda. Atisha, the renowned pandita, is sometimes listed as a notable abbot.

Ans: Lord Vishnu Viṣṇu  is one of the principal deities of Hinduism, and the Supreme Being or absolute truth in its Vaishnavism tradition.  Vishnu is the "preserver" in the Hindu triad (Trimurti) that includes Brahma and Shiva.

Invasion of Aryans,Recurrent Floods and Earthquakes causes the end of Indus Valley Civilization. The Indus civilisation is also known as the  Harappan Civilisation , after its type site, Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s in what was then the Punjab province of British India and now is Pakistan.The discovery of Harappa and soon afterwards Mohenjo-Daro was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India during the British Raj.

Mohenjo-Daro was exist in Larkana district of Sind province in Pakistan. The city of Mohenjo-Daro, or Moen Jo Daro, was built around 2900 or 2600 BC, and was one of the earliest urban settlements in the world.it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization, and one of the world's earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Norte Chico.

Ans: Punjab The  Rig Veda  is a collection of Vedic Sanskrit  hymns  counted among the four Hindu religious texts known as the  Vedas . The  Rig Veda  was likely composed  between roughly 1700–1100 BCE, making it one of the oldest texts of any Indo-Iranian language, one of the world's oldest religious texts.

Varuna,Indra and Surya was worshipped during Early Vedic Civilization. Early vedic period The Vedic period, or Vedic age, is the period in the history of the northern Indian subcontinent between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation which began in the central Gangetic Plain c. 600 BCE.This is lies between  Dates:  c. 1500 – c. 1100 BCE in the p eriod  Bronze Age India  

Ans: Kanishka Kanishka I, or Kanishka the Great, an emperor of the Kushan dynasty in the second century, is famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements.

Ans: Philosophy books Philosophy  (from Greek word philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BCE).

Ans: Harshavardhana Harsha, also known as Harshavardhana, was an Indian emperor who ruled North India from 606 to 647 CE. He was a member of the Vardhana dynasty; and was the son of Prabhakarvardhana who defeated the Alchon Huna invaders, and the younger brother of Rajyavardhana, a king of Thanesar, present-day Haryana. Did you know:  Empire of Harsha was the ninth-largest empire in India by approximate maximum extent (1,000,000 km²).

The capital of pandyas was Madurai

Chalukyas, Pallavas and Pandyas ,struggle was eighth-century tripartite power

Mudrarakshahsa Kavya of Sanskrit, deal with court intrigues & access to power of Chandragupta Maurya?

Uttarmimansa systems of Hindu Philosophy , Shankaracharya wrote commentary in 9th century AD.

R K Shanmukham Chetty presented the first budget (interim) of Independent India in 26th November, 1947.

Morarji Desai presented Union Budget maximum 10 times ?

Union Budget of India is presented by Finance Minister of India and in Lok Sabha

Delhi Chalo ! Support the Farmers of India as they March to Delhi to demand a special session of Parliament on the agrarian crisis by  Subhas Chandra Bose

The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a series of conferences organized by the British Government and Indian national congress was participant to discuss constitutional reforms in India. These started in November 1930 and ended in December 1932.

VP Singh (1990) Janata Dal politician VP Singh held the prime minister’s post from 1989 to 1990, his National Front coalition government propped up precariously by Left parties as well as the right-wing BJP in an effort to keep the Congress out of power. He managed to rule for just 11 months before the saffron party withdrew support over the Ram temple issue, causing the government to lose a no-confidence motion on November 10, 1990. Singh immediately handed over his resignation to President R Venkataraman. The former prime minister lost the confidence motion by a vote of 142 to 346 in the Lok Sabha, with eight abstentions. His government needed 261 votes to survive. Deve Gowda (1997) The Janata Dal leader was propelled to prime ministership after the 1996 general elections, which dealt a decisive blow to the Congress but also left no other party with enough seats to form a government. That was when Gowda was chosen to lead the United Front coalition government with Congress support on...

Indo-Islamic architecture begins with the Ghurid occupation of India at the close of the 12 century A.D. The Muslims having inherited a wealth of varied designs from Sassanian and Byzantine empires and being naturally endowed with good taste for buildings, never failed to adapt to their own requirements the indigenous architecture of almost every foreign country that they conquered. The most important factors common to both forms of architecture, especially in respect of mosques and temples, were that to both styles, ornamental decoration was very vital and that the open court in many cases was surrounded by colonnades. But the contrast was equally striking: the prayer chamber of the mosque was spacious, whereas the shrine of the temple was comparatively small. The mosque was light and open, whereas the temple was dark and closed. The difference between the lay-out of a temple and a mosque is explained by the essential difference between the Hindu and Muslim forms of worship and prayer...

The Mauryas were famous for their art and architecture Evidence of the earliest known structural temples has been recovered through excavations. A circular brick and timber shrine of the Mauryan period of 3rd century B.C., was excavated at Bairat District of Jaipur, Rajasthan. The shrine measures 23 meters in diameter and was made of lime-plastered brick work, alternating with 26 octagonal pillars, of wood. It was entered from the east through a small portico, supported by two wooden pillars and was surrounded by a seven feet wide ambulatory. A second example of a Maurya temple uncovered by excavations, Temple 40' at Sanchi, has a similar plan, it was a stone temple on an apsidal plan enclosed by an ambulatory, and raised on a high, rectangular scale, approached by two flights of steps from diagonally opposite sides. The super-structure was possibly built of wood, and has disappeared. In the following centuries the temple underwent a series of changes making it difficult to recogni...