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A relationship between two different living things living close to one another and depending on each other benefiting from each other in particular ways.Or Symbiosis is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, may be of the same or of different species.Or A relationship between two people, organizations, etc. that benefits them both.

World  Consumer  Rights  Day  is celebrated on 15 March every year. World  Consumer  Rights  Day  is an annual occasion for celebration and solidarity within the international  consumer  movement.

National Science Day  is celebrated in India on 28 February each year to mark the discovery of the Raman effect by Indian physicist Sir C. V. Ramanon 28 February 1928.

Flag day celebrate on 7 December.The Armed Forces Flag Day or the Flag Day of India is a day dedicated to India towards collection of funds from people of India for the welfare of the Indian Armed Forces personnel. It has been observed annually in India on December 7 since 1949.

Holi is considered as one of the most revered and celebrated festivals of India and it is celebrated in almost every part of the country. It is also sometimes called as the “festival of love” as on this day people get to unite together forgetting all resentments and all types of bad feeling towards each other. The great Indian festival lasts for a day and a night, which starts in the evening of Purnima or the Full Moon Day in the month of Falgun. It is celebrated with the name Holika Dahan or Choti Holi on first evening of the festival and the following day is called Holi. In different parts of the country it is known with different names.

Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct election on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is 552, which is made up by election of upto 530 members to represent the States, upto 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the Hon'ble President, if, in his/her opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.

In India, there are five days declared as  Martyrs' Day  (at national level also known as  Sarvodaya day ). They are named in honour of those who are recognised as martyrs for the nation. January 30 30 January is the date observed in the national level. The date was chosen as it marks the assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Ji in 1948, by Nathuram Godse. March 23 The anniversary of the deaths of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru on 23 March 1931, in Lahore (Pakistan), is declared to be Martyr's Day. October 21 21 October is Police Martyrs' Day (or Police Commemoration Day), observed by police departments nationwide. On this date in 1959, a Central Reserve Police Force patrol at the Indo-Tibetan border in Ladakh was ambushed by Chinese forces as part of the ongoing Sino-Indian border dispute. November 17 Odisha observes 17 November, the death anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai (1865–1928), the "Lion of Punjab", a leader in the Indian fight for f...

Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit. 2A Article,   Sikkim to be associated with the Union. Repealed by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act,1975, s. 5 (w.e.f. 26-4-1975)

Born in Karnal, India, on July 1, 1961, Chawla was the youngest of four children. The name Kalpana means "idea" or "imagination." Her full name is pronounced  CULL-puh-na CHAV-la , though she often went by the nickname K.C. Chawla obtained a degree in aeronautical engineering from Punjab Engineering College before immigrating to the United States and becoming a naturalized citizen in the 1980s. She earned a doctorate in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado in 1988, having previously obtained her masters degree from the University of Texas. She began working at NASA's Ames Research Center the same year, working on power-lift computational fluid dynamics. In 1994, Chawla was selected as an astronaut candidate. After a year of training, she became a crew representative for the Astronaut Office EVA/Robotics and Computer Branches, where she worked with Robotic Situational Awareness Displays and tested software for the space shuttles. Chawla's fir...

A relatively small amount of ammonia is produced by lightning. Some ammonia also is produced industrially by the Haber-Bosch process, using an iron-based catalyst, very high pressures and fairly high temperature. But the major conversion of N 2 into ammonia, and thence into proteins, is achieved by microorganisms in the process called nitrogen fixation (or dinitrogen fixation). The table below shows some estimates of the amount of nitrogen fixed on a global scale. The total biological nitrogen fixation is estimated to be twice as much as the total nitrogen fixation by non-biological processes. Type of fixation N 2  fixed (10 12  g per year, or 10 6  metric tons per year) Non-biological Industrial about 50 Combustion about 20 Lightning about 10 Total about 80 Biological Agricultural land about 90 Forest and non-agricultural land about 50 Sea about 35 Total about 175 Data from various sources, compiled by DF Bezdicek & AC Kennedy, in  Microorganisms in Action  (eds. JM Lynch & JE...

The growth of all organisms depends on the availability of mineral nutrients, and none is more important than nitrogen, which is required in large amounts as an essential component of proteins, nucleic acids and other cellular constituents. There is an abundant supply of nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere - nearly 79% in the form of N 2 gas. However, N 2  is unavailable for use by most organisms because there is a triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms, making the molecule almost inert. In order for nitrogen to be used for growth it must be "fixed" (combined) in the form of ammonium (NH 4 ) or nitrate (NO 3 ) ions. The weathering of rocks releases these ions so slowly that it has a neglible effect on the availability of fixed nitrogen. So, nitrogen is often the limiting factor for growth and biomass production in all environments where there is suitable climate and availability of water to support life. Microorganisms have a central role in almost all aspects of nitro...

Ans: Candida Explanation : Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by yeasts that belong to the genus  Candida . There are over 20 species of  Candida yeasts that can cause infection in humans, the most common of which is  Candida albicans .  Candida  yeasts normally reside in the intestinal tract and can be found on mucous membranes and skin without causing infection; however, overgrowth of these organisms can cause symptoms to develop. Symptoms of candidiasis vary depending on the area of the body that is infected. Candidiasis that develops in the mouth or throat is called “ thrush ” or oropharyngeal candidiasis. Candidiasis in the vagina is commonly referred to as a “ yeast infection .”  Invasive candidiasis  occurs when  Candida  species enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. Click the links below for more information on the different types of  Candida  infections. Source:https://www.cdc.gov

And:  Azotobacter Explanation : Azotobacter  is a genus of usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-walled cysts and may produce large quantities of capsular slime. They are aerobic, free-living soil microbes which play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in nature, binding atmospheric nitrogen, which is inaccessible to plants, and releasing it in the form of ammonium ions into the soil (nitrogen fixation). Source: wikipedia

And:Polio Explanation : There are three wild types of poliovirus (WPV) – type 1, type 2, and type 3. People need to be protected against all three types of the virus in order to prevent polio disease and the polio vaccination is the best protection. There are two vaccines used to protect against polio disease, oral polio vaccine and inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Oral polio vaccine The  oral polio vaccine  (OPV) is used in many countries to protect against polio disease and has been essential to the eradication effort. People who receive OPV may shed the virus and can infect others, especially those who are not vaccinated. In areas with low vaccination rates, the OPV virus can continue to infect new individuals. In rare cases, the OPV virus can accumulate changes over time and become like wild poliovirus (WPV). These new viruses are called vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) and can cause polio disease. After wild poliovirus type 2 was declared eradicated in 2015, the world switched f...

And:It can digest PET (Polyethelene tetraphthalate) Explanation: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is used extensively worldwide in plastic products, and its accumulation in the environment has become a global concern. Because the ability to enzymatically degrade PET has been thought to be limited to a few fungal species, biodegradation is not yet a viable remediation or recycling strategy. By screening natural microbial communities exposed to PET in the environment, we isolated a novel bacterium,  Ideonella sakaiensis  201-F6, that is able to use PET as its major energy and carbon source. When grown on PET, this strain produces two enzymes capable of hydrolyzing PET and the reaction intermediate, mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid. Both enzymes are required to enzymatically convert PET efficiently into its two environmentally benign monomers, terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. source:http://science.sciencemag.org

And:  Cyanobacteria Explanation: Cyanobacteria are aquatic and  photosynthetic , that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. Because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular, though they often grow in colonies large enough to see. They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact! It may surprise you then to know that the cyanobacteria are still around; they are one of the largest and most important groups of  bacteria  on earth.

And: Penicillin Explanation: The introduction of penicillin in the 1940s, which began the era of antibiotics, has been recognized as one of the greatest advances in therapeutic medicine. The discovery of penicillin and the initial recognition of its therapeutic potential occurred in the United Kingdom, but, due to World War II, the United States played the major role in developing large-scale production of the drug, thus making a life-saving substance in limited supply into a widely available medicine. Source:https://www.acs.org

And:  Archaea Explanation: The Domain Archaea wasn't recognized as a major domain of life until quite recently. Until the 20th century, most biologists considered all living things to be classifiable as either a plant or an animal. But in the 1950s and 1960s, most biologists came to the realization that this system failed to accomodate the fungi, protists, and bacteria. By the 1970s, a system of Five Kingdoms had come to be accepted as the model by which all living things could be classified. At a more fundamental level, a distinction was made between the  prokaryotic   bacteria  and the four  eukaryotic  kingdoms (plants, animals, fungi, & protists). The distinction recognizes the common traits that eukaryotic organisms share, such as nuclei, cytoskeletons, and internal membranes. Finding Archaea :  The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first places Archaea were discovered. At left is Octopus Spring, and at right is Obsidian Pool. Each pool has slig...

And:  Bacteriophage Explanation A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. In fact, the word "bacteriophage" literally means "bacteria eater," because bacteriophages destroy their host cells. All bacteriophages are composed of a nucleic acid molecule that is surrounded by a protein structure. A bacteriophage attaches itself to a susceptible bacterium and infects the host cell. Following infection, the bacteriophage hijacks the bacterium's cellular machinery to prevent it from producing bacterial components and instead forces the cell to produce viral components. Eventually, new bacteriophages assemble and burst out of the bacterium in a process called lysis. Bacteriophages occasionally remove a portion of their host cells' bacterial DNA during the infection process and then transfer this DNA into the genome of new host cells. This process is known as transduction. Source: https://www.nature.com

Ans:1–2 micrometre or micron Explanation For comparison with the possible martian microfossils ( slide #26 ), this slide shows an electron microscope view of a common Earth bacterium, prepared the same way as the possible martian microfossils. The many rods and sausage shapes here are individual cells of the bacterium Escherichia coli , or  E. coli  for short. The view in this slide is 9.5 micrometers across, so each  E. coli  bacterium is about 1–2 micrometers long and about 0.25 micrometer in diameter. The  E. coli  are the same shape as the possible fossils in  slide #26 , but are 10 to 100 times as big. This difference in size translates to a huge difference in volume — the possible martian microfossils have only one thousandth to one millionth of the volume of  E. coli  cells.

Indian States and their abbreviation State Name Abbreviation Alternate Abbreviation Andaman and Nicobar Islands AN IN-AN Andhra Pradesh AP IN-AP Arunachal Pradesh AR IN-AR Assam AS IN-AS Bihar BR IN-BR Chandigarh CH IN-CH,CHD Chhattisgarh CT IN-CT, CG Dadra and Nagar Haveli DN IN-DN,DNH Daman and Diu DD IN-DD Delhi DL IN-DL,DEL Goa GA IN-GA Gujarat GJ IN-GJ,GUJ Haryana HR IN-HR Himachal Pradesh HP IN-HP Jammu and Kashmir JK IN-JK Jharkhand JH IN-JH Karnataka KA IN-KA,KRN Kerala KL IN-KL,KER Lakshadweep LD IN-LD,LKP Madhya Pradesh MP IN-MP Maharashtra MH IN-MH,MAH Manipur MN IN-MN,MNP Meghalaya ML IN-ML,MEG Mizoram MZ IN-MZ,MIZ Nagaland NL IN-NL,NLD Odisha, Orissa OR IN-OR,OD Puducherry PY IN-PY,PDY Punjab PB IN-PB Rajasthan RJ IN-RJ,RAJ Sikkim SK IN-SK,SKM Tamil Nadu TN IN-TN Telangana TG IN-TG,TS Tripura TR IN-TR,TRP Uttar Pradesh UP IN-UP Uttarakhand,Uttaranchal UT IN-UT,UK,UA West Bengal WB IN-WB

Many of us know India either by the name of "India" or "Bharata". Some who have a little interest in history, also, know India by the name of "Bharatvarsha" or "Aryavarta". But in past immemorial, India was known by several different names in several different eras and societies and some of those names are listed here: Jambudvipa Jambudvipa is the ancient name of India which literally means “the land of Jambu trees” and can be found in numerous religious texts of various  Sanathan Dharma ’s offshoots viz. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The Jambu or Jambul means Indian blackberry and dvipa means the continent. Nabhivarsha In Jain texts, India was known as Nabhivarsha, the country of Nabhi. Nabhi was a Chakravarti King and father of first Jain thirthankara Rishabhanatha. In ancient Hindu texts, a different definition for the Nabhivarsha is given. According to Hindu texts, here Nabhi means “navel of the Brahma” and varsha means “the country.” Arya...

Earth Day is an annual event celebrated on April 22. Worldwide, various events are held to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First celebrated in 1970, Earth Day now includes events in more than 193 countries, which are now coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network. Earth Day .  Earth Day  is a  day  that is supposed to inspire more awareness and appreciation for the  Earth 's natural environment. It takes place each year on April 22. ...  Earth Day  was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach-in first held on April 22, 1970.

(1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. (2) The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule. (3) The territory of India shall comprise— (a) the territories of the States; (b) the Union territories specified in the First Schedule; and (c) such other territories as may be acquired.

Manohar Parrikar  was born in 13 December, 1955.He was a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party who was the Chief Minister of Goa from 14 March 2017 till his death. Previously he was Chief Minister of Goa from 2000 to 2005 and from 2012 to 2014.He demise is extremely painful. In him, the nation has lost a true patriot who selflessely dedicated his entire life to the country and ideology. Parrikar commitment towards his people and duties was exemplary. He has shown the entire nation even during his toughest time, is committed to the philosophy of Nation First, Party Next and Self Last. He will always be remembered for his contributions as India’s Defence Minister and as CM of Goa.He serve the country in his last breath 17 march 2019.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus formerly known as Victoria Terminus is a historic railway station and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai, which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways. The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens according to the concept of Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and meant to be a similar revival of Indian Goth (classical era) architecture. The station was built in 1887 in the Bori Bunder area to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The station took ten years to complete the longest for any building of that era in Bombay. The station is the most photographed building in the country after Taj Mahal. The name of the tract of land is derived from two words Bori and Bandar .  Bori  means sack and  Bandar means port or haven (in Marathi); So, the literal meaning of  Bori Bunder  is a port where sacks are stored. The new railway station was built to the south of the old Bori Bunder railway station. It is one...

The  Kartarpur Corridor  is a proposed border corridor between India and Pakistan, connecting the Sikhshrines of Dera Baba Nanak Sahib (located in Punjab, India) and Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur (in Punjab, Pakistan).Currently under planning, the corridor is intended to allow religious devotees from India to visit the Gurdwara in Kartarpur, 4.7 kilometres (2.9 miles) from the Pakistan-India border, without a visa. In 2008, the Indian foreign minister Pranab Mukherjee raised with his Pakistani counterpart S. M. Qureshi the idea of "visa-free travel" to Kartarpur. There was apparently no official response, but privately, Pakistan began to express its openness to the Sikh community. The Kartarpur Corridor was first proposed in early 1999 by the prime ministers of Pakistan and India, Nawaz Sharif and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, respectively, as part of the Delhi–Lahore Bus diplomacy. Inauguration On 26   November 2018, Indian vice president, Venkaiah Naidu, laid the foundation stone...

Pi Day is celebrated on March 14th ,3/14 in the  month/day format since 3, 1, and 4 are the first three significant digits of  π . Pi (Greek letter “ π ”) is the symbol used in mathematics to represent a constant , the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter , which is approximately 3.14159. Pi( π) day celebrated first time in 1988.   In 2009, the United States House of Representatives supported the designation of Pi Day. Pi Approximation Day  is observed on July 22 ,22/7 in the  day/month  format, since the fraction ​ 22 ⁄ 7  is a common approximation of  π , which is accurate to two decimal places and dates from Archimedes. Two Pi Day , also known as  Tau Day , is lightly observed on June 28 ,6/28 in the  month/day format. π  appears in formulae for areas and volumes of geometrical shapes based on circles, such as ellipses, spheres, cones, and tori. Below are some of the more common formulae that involve  π . The circumference of a circle with radius  r is  2π r . ...

A  continental shelf  is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water known as a  shelf sea. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the seabed adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs. Source:wikipedia Width of the continental shelf varies considerably.The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km (50 mi). The largest shelf – the Siberian Shelf in the Arctic Ocean – stretches to 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) in width. The South China Sea lies over another extensive area of continental shelf, the Sunda Shelf, which joins Borneo, Sumatra, and Java to the Asian mainland. Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the North Seaand the Persian Gulf. The depth of the shelf also varies, but is generally limited to water shallower than 150 m (490 ft). The slope of the shelf is usually quite low, on the ord...

This approach to the sweep of geologic time follows that in "The Grand Canyon", C.Hill, et al., eds. to organize the different periods of life since the beginning of the Cambrian period. The time data from radiometric dating is taken from that source. The times are in millions of years. Active Graphic Some descriptive information about the different divisions of geologic time is given below. Lutgens & Tarbuck take on the task of surveying Earth history in one chapter, Chapter 19 of Essentials of Geology. The brief outline below draws from that material and elsewhere to provide a brief sketch of Earth history. Note that the dates in millions of years are representative values. Research publications would give error bars for such division dates - it is not implied here that these boundaries are known to 3 or 4 significant digits. The division of the geologic column into different periods is largely based upon the varieties of fossils found, taken as i...

From over two hundred years of careful field explorations by geologists, a number of practical principles for determining the relative dates of geologic features have emerged. The assignment of numerical ages to these relative dates had to await the development of radiometric dating. Law of Superposition: For sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it. Principle of Original Horizontality. Layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position. This is useful even if beds of sedimentary rock have been subsequently tilted. Principle of cross-cutting relationships. A fault or intrusion is younger than the rocks affected by it. Inclusions: the rock mass containing the inclusions is older than the rock providing the included material. Unconformities: interruptions of sedimentation with removal of material by erosion and then a resumption of deposition can place rock strata in contact that have a gap of time and ma...

Geologic  time is divided into  four  large segments called Eons: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into  Eras : Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. The divisions among  Eras  reflect major changes in the fossil record, including the extinction and appearance of new life forms.Geological time with major evolutionary events in the fossil record Geological time scale The vast expanse of geological time has been separated into eras, periods, and epochs. The numbers included below refer to the beginnings of the division in which the title appears. The numbers are in millions of years. The named divisions of time are for the most part based on fossil evidence and principles for relative dating over the past two hundred years. Only with the application of radiometric dating have numbers been obtained for the divisions observed from field observations.   Era Period Epoch Plant and Animal Development Cenozoic Quaternary Holocene (.01) Humans devel...

It is not. Certain provisions, however, may be enforced through invoking corresponding provisions in other statutes such as the Indian Penal Code, 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and Representation of the People Act, 1951. The Election Commission has argued against making the MCC legally binding, saying that elections must be completed within a relatively short time or close to 45 days, and judicial proceedings typically take longer, therefore it is not feasible to make it enforceable by law. In 2013, the Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice, recommended making the model code of conduct legally binding. The committee observed in a report on electoral reforms that most provisions of the code are already enforceable through corresponding provisions in other statutes, mentioned above. It recommended that the MCC be made a part of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

Any activity aggravating existing differences or creating mutual hatred or causing tension between different castes and communities, religious or linguistic, is a corrupt practice under the Representation of the People Act. Making an appeal to caste or communal feelings to secure votes and using places of worship for campaigning are offences under the Act. Bribery to voters is both a corrupt practice and an electoral offence under the Act and Section 171B of the Indian Penal Code. Intimidation of voters is also an electoral offence, while impersonating them is punishable under the IPC. Serving or distributing liquor on election day and during the 48 hours preceding it is an electoral offence. Holding public meetings during the 48-hour period ending with the hour fixed for the closing of the poll is also an offence.

According to the EC, the code states that the party in power at the Centre and in the states should ensure that it does not use its official position for campaigning. Ministers and other government authorities cannot announce financial grants in any form. No project or scheme which may have the effect of influencing the voter in favour of the party in power can be announced, and ministers cannot use official machinery for campaign purposes.

It has eight provisions dealing with general conduct, meetings, processions, polling day, polling booths, observers, the party in power, and election manifestos, says PRS Legislative Research. General conduct: Criticism of political parties must be limited to their policies and programmes, past record and work. Activities such as (a) using caste and communal feelings to secure votes, (b) criticising candidates on the basis of unverified reports, (c) bribing or intimidation of voters, and (d) organising demonstrations or picketing outside houses of persons to protest against their opinions, are prohibited. Meetings: Parties must inform the local police authorities about the venue and time of any meeting in time to enable police to make adequate security arrangements. Processions: If two or more candidates plan processions along the same route, organisers must establish contact in advance to ensure that the processions do not clash. Carrying and burning effigies representing members of o...

The poll body ensures that ruling parties at the Centre and in states follow the code, as part of its mandate to conduct free and fair elections under Article 324 of the Constitution. In case of electoral offences, malpractices and corrupt practices like inducements to voters, bribery, intimidation or any undue influence, the EC takes action against violators. Anyone can report the violations to the commission or approach a court. The EC has devised several mechanisms to take note of the offences, which include joint task forces of enforcement agencies and flying squads. The introduction of the cVIGIL mobile app through which audio-visual evidence of malpractices can be reported is the latest step.

The code comes into force as soon as the EC announces the poll schedule and remains operational until the process is concluded, as provided in the notification. It is also applicable to a “caretaker” government on the premature dissolution of a state assembly.

The model code is a set of norms laid down by the Election Commission of India, with the consensus of political parties. It spells out the dos and don’ts to be followed by political parties, candidates and polling agents during the election procedure. They are expected to observe these guidelines on the content of election manifestos, their speeches and processions and overall general conductIt is enforced by the Election Commission of India and comes into effect as soon as polls to either state assemblies or the Lok Sabha are announced by the watchdog.

It was introduced during the assembly elections in Kerala in 1960 as a small set of dos and don’ts. The EC circulated the code to all recognised parties during the simultaneous polls to the Lok Sabha and assemblies in several states in 1962 and the state governments were requested to secure the acceptance of the code by the parties. In 1967, the code was followed in the Lok Sabha and assembly elections. In 1968, the Election Commission held meetings with political parties at the state level and circulated the code of conduct to observe a minimum standard of behaviour to ensure free and fair elections. In 1971-72, during the general election to the House of the people/state legislative assemblies, the commission circulated the code again. At the time of elections to some assemblies in 1974, the commission issued the code of conduct to the political parties in those states. The commission also suggested constituting committees at district level headed by the district collector and compri...

The MCC lays down rules that govern what political parties are allowed to do and what they cannot do after the code come into effect. For instance, no government will be able to announce any policy decisions after MCC kicks in. The MCC includes a list of guidelines used for regulating political parties and their activities just ahead of elections. The rules not only apply to political speeches, polling day, polling booths, portfolios, rallies, general conduct and even contents of election manifestos. The MCC first came to effect during state assembly elections in Kerala in 1960. It was formally introduced by the Election Commission in 1979 in a bid to regulate the party in power from gaining an undue advantage. Restrictions The MCC comprises of several provisions dealing with general conduct, meetings, rallies and public appearances, polling day, observers, polling booths, party in power and election manifestos. As soon as the as the code kicks in, the party in power in both Centre and...

1. General Conduct (1) No party or candidate shall indulge in any activity which may aggravate existing differences or create mutual hatred or cause tension between different castes and communities, religious or linguistic. (2) Criticism of other political parties , when made, shall be confined to their policies and programme, past record and work. Parties and Candidates shall refrain from criticism of all aspects of private life, not connected with the public activities of the leaders or workers of other parties. Criticism of other parties or their workers based on unverified allegations or distortion shall be avoided. (3) There shall be no appeal to caste or communal feelings for securing votes. Mosques, Churches, Temples or other places of worship shall not be used as forum for election propaganda. (4) All parties and candidates shall avoid scrupulously all activities which are “corrupt practices” and offences under the election law, such as bribing of voters, intimidation of voters...

The United Nations began celebrating International Women's Day in 1975 . This year mark as the International Women's Year. After 2 years in 1977, the United Nations General Assembly invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the UN Day for women's rights and world peace. Beacuse women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917, March 8 became a national holiday there. The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countries. It is a focal point in the movement for women's rights.From then  International Women's Day is celebrated on March 8 every year. After the Socialist Party of America organized a Women's Day on February 28, 1909, in New York, the 1910 International Socialist Woman's Conference suggested a Women's Day be held annually. After women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917, March 8 became a national holiday there. The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countrie...

Muslim League was a political party established in 30 December 1906 at Dhaka,during British India (Now Bangladesh) by  Khwaja Salimullah,Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan III and Hakim Ajmal Khan. Khwaja Salimullah was a major role.He was the fourth Nawab of Dhaka and one of the leading Muslim politicians during the British India.

The first known documentation of the word 'Punjab' is in the writings of Ibn Batuta, who visited the region in the fourteenth century. The term came into wider use in the second half of the sixteenth century, and was used in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah Suri (1580), which describes the construction of a fort by 'Sher Khan of Punjab'. Reference of 'Punjab' can also be found in volume one of "Ain-e-Akbari", written by Abul Fazal, where 'Punjab' describes the territory that can be divided into provinces of Lahore and Multan. Similarly, in the second volume of Ain-e-Akbari, the title of a chapter includes the word 'Panjnad' in it. However, the first mentioning of Sanskrit equivalent of 'Punjab' occurs in the great epic, the Mahabharata, where it is described as pancha-nada, which means 'country of five rivers'. The Mughal King Jahangir also mentions the word Panjab in 'Tuzk-i-Janhageeri', derived from Persian and intr...

It is one of the most ancient civilizations in the world with a distinguished culture. Punjabi language has its origins in the Indo-European family of languages which included Persian and Latin. A land of ethnic and religious diversity, it is birth place of a number of religious movements. Some of the prominent ones include Sikhism, Buddhism and many Sufi schools of Islam. The Indian State of Punjab was created in 1947, when the partition of India split the former Raj province of Punjab between India and Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh eastern part became India's Punjab state. The partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence, as many Sikhs and Hindus lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east. Several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, also became part of Indian Punjab. In 1950, two separate states were created; Punjab included the former Raj province of ...

The word craton was first proposed by the Austrian geologist Leopold Kober in 1921 as  Kratogen , referring to stable continental platforms, and  orogen  as a term for mountainor orogenic belts. The term  craton  is used to distinguish the stable portion of the continental crust from regions that are more geologically active and unstable. Cratons can be described as shields, in which the basement rock crops out at the surface, and platforms, in which the basement is overlaid by sediments and sedimentary rock.

The Indian Craton was once part of the supercontinent of Pangaea. At that time, what is now India's southwest coast was attached to Madagascar and southern Africa, and what is now its east coast was attached to Australia. During the Jurassic Period about 160 Ma (ICS 2004), rifting caused Pangaea to break apart into two supercontinents, namely Gondwana (to the south) and Laurasia (to the north). The Indian Craton remained attached to Gondwana, until the supercontinent began to rift apart about in the early Cretaceous, about 125 million years ago (ICS 2004). The Indian Plate then drifted northward toward the Eurasian Plate, at a pace that is the fastest known movement of any plate. It is generally believed that the Indian Plate separated from Madagascar about 90 Million years ago (ICS 2004), however some biogeographical and geological evidence suggests that the connection between Madagascar and Africa was retained at the time when the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate abo...

India's geographical land area can be classified into the Deccan Traps, Gondwana and Vindhya. The Deccan Traps covers almost all of Maharashtra, a part of Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh marginally. During its journey northward after breaking off from the rest of Gondwana, the Indian Plate passed over a geologic hotspot, the Reunion hotspot, which caused extensive melting underneath the Indian Craton. The melting broke through the surface of the craton in a massive flood basalt event, creating the Deccan Traps. It is also thought that the Reunion hotspot caused the separation of Madagascar and India. The Gondwana and Vindhyan include within its fold parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand. The Gondwana sediments form a unique sequence of fluviatile rocks deposited in Permo-Carboniferous time. The Damodar and Soneriver valley...

The  Aravalli Range  is a range of mountains running southwest direction about 692 km.It is  start in North India from Delhi and passing through southern Haryana to Western India across the states of Rajasthanand ending in Gujarat.Its highest peak is Guru Shikhar, Mount Abu(1,722 m) and its length is 692 km. Aravalli is a composite Sanskrit word from  ara  and  vali , literally means the  line of peaks.

Adam's Bridge collectively a chain of low islands and reef shoals. it has historically been known in Hindu Mythology as Ram Setu.   The island of Rameswaram is linked to the Indian mainland by the Pamban Bridge.  This chain extends between Dhanushkodi on Pamban Island also known as Rameswaram Island in Tamil Nadu and Mannar Island in Sri Lanka.

The Palk Strait is a strait between  India and Sri Lanka. It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with Palk Bay in the southwest.It is connect  Tamil Nadu state of India and the Mannar district of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.  The strait is 53 to 82 kilometres wide.The strait is named after Robert Palk, who was a governor of Madras (1755–1763) during the Company Raj period. It is a part of Indian Ocean and lies in Bay of Bengal and Laccadive Sea Between two countries India and Sri Lanka.

Western Ghats also known as Sahyadri is  spread across five Indian states Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa and Tamil Nadu. it starts near the town of Songadh in Gujarat and  ending at Marunthuvazh Malai, at Swamithope in Tamil Nadu.It is runs approximately 1,600 km  through these states.Its highest point and elevation  are  Anamudi Kerala (Eravikulam National Park) and 2,695 m (8,842 ft).and dimensions is 1600 km by 100 km.

They are the southernmost and geologically youngest east-west mountain chain of the Himalayas. They have many sub-ranges and extend west from Arunachal Pradesh through Bhutan to West Bengal, and further westward through Nepal (here known as  Churia Hills ) and Uttarakhand, continuing into Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir. The hills are cut through at wide intervals by numerous large rivers flowing south from the Himalayas. The  Sivalik Hills , also known as  Churia Hills , are a mountain range of the outer Himalayasthat stretches from the Indus River about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River. In some Sanskrittexts, the region is called  Manak Parbat .Sivalik literally means 'tresses of Shiva’.

It is the seventh-largest country intBangladesh 4,096.70 km (2,545.57 mi),China (PRC) 3,488 km (2,167 mi), Pakistan 3,323 km (2,065 mi),Nepal 1,751 km (1,088 mi) ,Myanmar 1,643 km (1,021 mi), Bhutan 699 km (434 mi), Afghanistan 106 km (66 mi) and On the south, It is bounded by the Indian Ocean—in particular, by the Arabian Sea on the west, the Lakshadweep Sea to the southwest, the Bay of Bengal on the east, and the Indian Ocean proper to the South . Its  total  area is 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi). India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km (9,445 mi) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km (4,671 mi).India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°04' to 37°06' north latitude and 68°07' to 97°25' east longitude.

Lakshadweep,formerly known as the  Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands  is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, the group of 36 islands is known for its exotic and sun-kissed beaches and lush green landscape. The name Lakshadweep in Malayalam and Sanskrit means ‘a hundred thousand islands’. ”India’s smallest Union Territory Lakshadweep is an archipelago consisting of 36 islands with an area of 32 sq km. It is a uni-district Union Territory and comprises of 12 atolls, three reefs, five submerged banks and ten inhabited islands. The islands have a total area of 32 sq km. The capital is Kavaratti and it is also the principal town of the UT. All Islands are 220 to 440 km away from the coastal city of Kochi in Kerala, in the emerald Arabian Sea. The natural landscapes, the sandy beaches, abundance of flora and fauna and the absence of a rushed lifestyle enhance the mystique of Lakshadweep. Source: https://lakshadweep.gov.in

There are five states bounded with international border with Nepal.these states are Uttarakhand ,Uttar Pradesh Bihar ,West Bengal and Sikkim. These five North Indian states connect its border with Nepal these are the West Bengal (96 km), Sikkim (97.8 km), Uttarakhand (303 km), Bihar (601 km), Uttar Pradesh (651 km). Out of this, Uttar Pradesh shares the longest international border with Nepal and among all India neighbors, India shares fourth longest (1,751 km) international border with Nepal.Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is located mainly in the Himalayas but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. With an estimated population of 26.4 million, it is 48th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area.