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River have always been the place where the greatest civilizations flourished. They are the source of all what is needed from the mother nature. 1. Nile River Nile River is the longest river. It is 6,650 km in length, Nile River of North-East Africa is the lifeline of a number of countries. Eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt share its water. 2. Amazon River It is Secondl and the largest by water flow amazon River of South America is the second longest river in the world with a length of 6,400 km. But it is by far the largest river by water flow with an average discharge greater than the next seven largest rivers combined. It flows through Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Guyana. 3. Yangtze River: The longest river in Asia It ist longest river in Asia flowing in China, Yangtze River is not only the third longest river in the world but also the long...

The Ministry of Human Resource development (MHRD), Government of India (GOI) has established National Testing Agency (NTA) as an independent autonomous and self-sustained premier testing organisation for conducting efficient, transparent and international standard test in order to access the competency of candidates for admission to premier higher education institutions. As per regulations framed under the Indian Medical Council Act -1956 and the Dentists Act-1948 and as amended from time to time, NATIONAL ELIGIBILITY CUM ENTRANCE TEST (UG) (NEET (UG) will be conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission to MBBS/BDS Courses in Indian Medical/Dental Colleges run with the approval of Medical Council of India/Dental Council of India under the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India except for the institutions established through an Act of Parliament i.e. AIIMS and JIPMER Puducherry. The responsibility of the NTA is limited to the conduct of the entrance...

Tax planning is legitimate reduction of tax liability to minimum. Taxes reduce disposable income and so restrict the ability to achieve financial goals. Tax planning is therefore an integral aspect of the personal financial process. Tax liability can be reduced by arranging financial incomes and investments to avail maximum tax benefits. This can be done by making use of beneficial provisions and tax incentives incorporated in tax laws that entail an individual to tax concessions. Tax planning is one of the major and most important part in tax planning. Proper tax planning will make a financial plan more effective. An effective tax planning has to consider the present tax rules and regulations as well as the individuals financial status, type of citizenship, tax rebates and deductions. Basic of Income Tax: Previous year and Assessment year. For the purpose of income tax, accounting year is uniform from 1st April to 31st March; each year is referred to as previous year. FY starting from...

Asia’s longest bi-directional Zojila tunnel project, connecting Kashmir’s Sonmarg with the Gumri area in Ladakh’s Kargil district, has failed to come out of the bidding process till date. This is despite the fact that it holds utmost strategic importance and is considered the lifeline of the arid Ladakh region. The executing agency, National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL), has now pinned high hopes on the new government at the Centre “for clearance of all bottlenecks to ensure the early resumption of the work on the project”. On January 15, the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways had terminated the contract with the beleaguered agency, M/S IL&FS Transportation Networks Ltd, which executed nearly 7 to 10 per cent ground work. On February 13, the 14.31-km-long project was offered for rebidding. The IL&FS was awarded contract on January 19, 2018. This project holds strategic and socio-economic importance for the Ladakh region. It wil...

  Who were the first man to climb on the top of Mt. Everest? Tenzing Norgay, Edmund Hillary 29 May, 1953 Who is the first person to rich North Pole of Earth? Robert Peary April 6, 1909 Who is the first person to rich South Pole of Earth? Ronald Amundsen (Dec. 14, 1912 What is the first religion of the world? Sanatan Dharma Which country is the first to print book? China (1377) Which country is the first to issue paper currency? China 618 A.D Which is the first country to start Civil Service Exam? China (207 BC) Who was the first president of USA? George Washington Who was the first prime minister of Great Britain? Robert Walpole 4 April 1721 Which nation is the first to make education compulsory? Prussia (1524) Who was the first secretory general of UN? Trigve Li August 1945 Which nation was the first to establish a constitution? USA Jan 14, 1639 Who was the first governor general of Pakistan? Mohammed Ali Jinnah 15 Aug 1947 Who was the first European person to visit China? Marco P...

    Abbreviation   Full Form of International Organizations   Headquarters   Established  UNO  United Nations Organisation  New York  1945  UNESCO  United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation  Paris  1945  UNICEF  United Nations children’s’ Fund  New York  1945  World Bank  Washington DC  1944  IAEA  International Atomic Energy Agency  Vienna  1957  International Court Of Justice  Hague  1945  FAO  Food and Agricultural Organisation  Rome  1945  NATO  North Atlantic Treaty Organisation  Brussels, Belgium  1949  ASEAN  Association of South East Asian Nations  Jakarta, Indonesia  1967  WHO  World Health Organisation  Geneva  1948  WTO  World Trade Organisation  Geneva  1995  IUCN  International Union for Conservation of Nature  Gland, Switzerland  1948  ICANN  Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers  Los Angeles  1998  CN  Commonwealth of Nations  London  1931  APEC  Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation  Singapore  1989  WEF  World Economic Forum  Geneva ...

Karakoram Range  : It is located within three countries – Gilgit–Baltistan (Pakistan), Ladakh (India), and southern Xinjiang (China). The highest peak of Karakoram range is K2 or Godwin Austen. K2 is located in Jammu and Kashmir. It’s height is 8611 meter. Aravalli Range  : Situated in Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Highest peak is Gurushikhar (1722 m) situated at Rajasthan. Vindya Range  : Located at west-central India. Highest peak is Sabhawna Shikhara (1772 m) situated in Madhya Pradesh. Satpura Range : Situated in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh. Its highest peak is Dhupgarh with height 1350 meter which is located in the state, Madhya Pradesh. Maikal Hills : Situated in Chhattisgarh. Highest peak is Amar Kantak 1065 meter. Mahadeo Hills : Located in the state Madhya Pradesh. Highest peak in Pachmari 1,067 m. Western Ghat : Extended through Maharashtra Kerala Goa Tamilnadu and Kanyakumari. Highest peak of Western Ghat range is Anaimudi ( 2,695 m) located in...

At this point, we should say something about the Amorites, who will figure prominently, in one way or another, through much of the next part of our story. They are probably best known today as one of the peoples of the Old Testament, where they are listed in the Table of Nations amongst the tribal groups, occupying parts of Canaan, whom God ordered the Israelites to destroy: ‘However, in the cities of the Nations the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance, do not leave anything alive that breathes. Completely destroy them—the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and  Jebusites —as the Lord your God has commanded you’ (Deut. 20:16–17). Speakers of a northwest Semitic language , the Amorites consisted originally of a number of nomadic groups who inhabited parts of Syria and Palestine. By the 24th century, some of them had moved to Ebla and settled there, as we know from Amorite names in the city’s archives. No doubt the secure, prosperous, and culturally sophistica...

Spectacular things were happening in Mesopotamia in the period we call the Early Bronze Age, particularly in the southern part of it, commonly called Babylonia. It was here that the wealthy, sophisticated Sumerian civilization developed, its growth and prosperity greatly spurred by the invention of writing. A magnificent assortment of beautifully wrought items, like those unearthed from the so-called royal tombs of Ur and now on display in the British Museum, testifies to the high level of craftsmanship of the Sumerian civilization   at its zenith. In the wake of the Sumerian Early Dynastic period ( 2900–2334 BC), there arose in southern Mesopotamia the first great empire in Near Eastern history—the Akkadian empire( 2334–2193 BC) founded by Sargon, which at its peak extended through the whole of Mesopotamia, and north-westwards into south-eastern Anatolia. Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia’s archaeological remains and prolific tablet-finds provided rich and exciting fields of investigation...

Potsherds found scattered over its surface gave an indication of its early date, and the unusually large dimensions of the tell which marked the site persuaded Professor Matthiae that it was worth a closer look. The upshot of this was that in 1964 he led the first of what were to be many campaigns at Tell Mardikh as head of the Italian Archaeological Expedition of the University ‘La Sapienza’ of Rome. It soon became evident that there was in fact a major settlement on the site at the time of Syria’s so-called ‘backwater period’. But it took four years before the site could actually be identified. Ebla - modern Tell Mardikh, Syria, ancient city about 55 kilometers (34 miles) southwest of Aleppo  .  That happened in 1968 when part of a statue was found , with an inscription. The statue was dedicated to the goddess Ishtar, by a man called Ibbit-Lim, king of Ebla. So, Tell Mardikh was in fact the ancient city of Ebla—a city already known to us from a wide range of texts. The earliest of th...

The end of this great phase of Ebla’s existence was due to its destruction by an Akkadian king, almost certainly Sargon, though Sargon’s grandson Naram-Sin claimed responsibility. It may well be that one or other of these rulers believed that the kingdom was getting too powerful, to the point where it threatened Akkadian territorial ambitions west of the Euphrates, or at least refused to cooperate with the Akkadians in their western enterprises. But Ebla’s lifespan was far from at an end. It had a first new lease of life when a modest new settlement, designated Mardikh IIB2, was built on the northern part of the site following the Akkadian destruction. The most significant building of this phase, now called the ‘Archaic Palace’, was probably the residence of a new or revived line of local kings, possibly collaborators if not subordinates of the rulers of the Ur III empire, successor to the Akkadian empire. But the new city was short-lived. It too was destroyed, about 2000, around the t...

World Environment Day was established by the UN General Assembly in 1972 on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, resulting from discussions on the integration of human interactions and the environment but first World Environment Day(WED) held in 5 june ,1974.WED obserb as Environment Protection. It has grown to become a global platform for public outreach with participation from over 143 countries annually. Each year, WED has a new theme that major corporations, NGOs, communities, governments and celebrities worldwide adopt to advocate environmental causes.WED has been a flagship campaign for raising awareness on emerging environmental issues from marine pollution, human overpopulation, and global warming, to sustainable consumption and wildlife crime.It is celebrated on the 5th of June every year.It is also called Eco Day or Environment Day.

Rapid urbanisation along with changing climate in recent years have been attributed to the emergence of Nipah virus in India. Health experts suggest that due to rapid urbanisation animals and birds including bats are losing their natural habitats. This has resulted in humans coming in contact with the animals that cause outbreak of numerous diseases. According to environmental experts, Nipah virus has existed in bats for centuries and has not undergone an evolutionary change. Experts reiterate that although there are many ecological factors that contribute to the emergence of Nipah virus, the most prominent is human intervention into bat-infested areas. In Malaysia the virus spread due to unplanned deforestation of pulp wood, which is the natural habitat for NiV carrying bats, and mismanagement of large piggeries. It is believed that the increase in the human-bat interaction could be one reason why NiV outbreak occurred in Bangladesh and India where humans got this virus from drinking ...

The 1998-99 Nipah virus outbreak in Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia was first reported among pigs. The infection spread to humans from the infected pigs. Nearly 300 people were infected in this manner and the Nipah virus killed over 100 within a year, the WHO says. However, since then, no new outbreak has been reported in the region. The infection in Malaysia was caused mostly due to a direct contact between humans and infected pigs. Experts opine that these infections are likely to have transmitted via body fluids of pigs like respiratory droplets, nasal secretions, among others.

Besides this, in 2001 Bangladesh too suffered a Nipah virus outbreak. In India, the earliest Nipah virus outbreaks were reported in Siliguri (2001) and Nadia (2007) in West Bengal. Unlike the outbreak in Malaysia, in India and Bangladesh the Nipah virus followed a different route for infecting humans. Here the infection spread via fruits and fruit products. These infections were spread via fruits that were "contaminated with the urine or saliva from infected fruit bats". The Nipah virus outbreak in Siliguri infected 66 people of whom 45 died. The outbreak in Nadia infected five people all of who died. Regions where Nipah virus can spread? So far, Nipah virus outbreaks have mainly been reported in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh and India (West Bengal and Kerala). But this does not mean that Nipah can't spread to other regions. All areas that are inhabited by flying foxes have the risk of being infected with Nipah. The WHO says that flying foxes can be found from the east ...

According to the World health Organisation, currently there are no specific drugs or vaccines for Nipah virus. Taking cognisance of the seriousness of Nipah virus, the WHO has identified it as a "priority disease" for the WHO Research and Development Blueprint. WHO recommends that intensive supportive care should be provided to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications borne out of Nipah infection. WHO says that the drug Ribavirin has shown to be effective against Nipah viruses in laboratory. However, "human investigations have been inconclusive and the clinical usefulness of Ribavirin remains uncertain". Besides this most people who survive acute encephalitis make a full recovery. However, those who have survived the diseases have reported long-term neurologic conditions. "Approximately 20 per cent of patients are left with residual neurological consequences such as seizure disorder and personality changes. A small number of people, suffer a relaps...

Nipah virus can spread among humans if they establish close contact with Nipah-infected people, bats or pigs. "Bat secretions laden with virus can infect people during fruit tree climbing, eating/handling contaminated fallen fruits or consuming raw date palm sap/juice or toddy," says the National Centre for Disease Control in its guidelines on Nipah virus. The guidelines outline that besides animal-to-human transmission, Nipah virus can also transmit between humans. The human-to-human transmission occurs when a healthy person has close contact with an infected person at home or during treatment at hospitals. Another possible source of infection can be bodies of people who died due to Nipah virus. The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) advises that handling of such dead bodies should be done strictly in accordance with government advisory.

Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic disease. The virus was first recognised in a large outbreak of 276 reported cases in Malaysia and Singapore from September 1998 to May 1999. In fact, the virus takes its name from Sungai Nipah, a village in Malaysia where it was first identified. According to the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), the virus can be transmitted to humans through "direct contact with infected bats, infected pigs, or from other Nipah virus infected people". "Two routes of transmission of Nipah virus have also been identified from its natural reservoir to human: drinking of raw date palm sap contaminated with NiV and close physical contact with Nipah infected patients," the NCDC guidelines on the virus state. "The person-to person transmission may occur from close physical contact, especially by contact with body fluids," the guidelines add. Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural host of the Nipah virus. Symptoms of Ni...

Total of 25 exams are scheduled to be conducted in 2020 over several government posts. The UPSC Civil Services will be held on May 31. The year 2020 will begin with the engineering services preliminary exam which is scheduled to be conducted on January 5, 2020. The Indian Forest Services (IFS) Exam will be conducted on the same date. The application for IFS, IAS exam will be released on February 12 and the applications for the two will end by March 3, 2020. In the first month of 2020, three exams namely, engineering services prelims, combined geoscientist (prelims) and UPSC RT exam. The 2020 exams will begin with the engineering services preliminary exam which is scheduled to be conducted on January 5, 2020. The notification for the same will be released on September 25, 2019. The second exam will be the Combined Geo-Scientist (prelims) to be conducted on January 19. The same date is also reserved for UPSC RT exam. The UPSC CDS exam notification will release in October, as per the UPSC...

Pornographic films are typically categorized as either softcore or hardcore pornography. Softcore pornography is pornography that does not depict explicit sexual activity, sexual penetration or extreme fetishism. It generally contains nudity or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations. Hardcore pornography is pornography that depicts penetration or extreme fetish acts, or both. It contains graphic sexual activity and visible penetration.  A pornographic work is characterized as hardcore if it has any hardcore content. Pornographic films , or  sex films , are films that present sexually explicit subject matter in order to arouse and satisfy the viewer. Pornographic films present sexual fantasies and usually include erotically stimulating material such as nudity and depictions of sexual intercourse. A distinction is sometimes made between "erotic" films and "pornographic" films on the basis that the latter contain more explicit sexuality. Pornographic films...

Ruma, the first wife of actor-singer Kishore Kumar, passed away at her Ballygunge Place residence in the city. She was suffering from age-related ailments.She is survived by two sons and a daughter. Ruma, whose film career spans over 60 years, was born on November 3, 1934, in Kolkata.She started her career as a dancer before moving to the then Bombay where she married singer Kishore Kumar in the early 1950s but they got divorced in 1958. She later married writer-director Arup Guha Thakurta and had two children - singers Sromona and Ayan.Ruma, Satyajit Ray’s niece, worked in the master-director’s films Abhijaan  (1962) and  Ganashatru  (1989). She also collaborated with ace filmmakers such as Tapan Sinha, Goutam Ghose, Mira Nair, Aparna Sen, Tarun Majumdar and Rajen Tarafdar. Her major film roles include  Palatak ,  Antony Firingee ,  80 Te Asio Na ,  Balika Badhu ,  Dadar Kirti ,  Bhalobasa Bhalobasa  and  Wheelchair . “Jwar Bhata” will be remembered for being the debut of both Ruma an...